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DESHASHEH. STATUE OF NENKHEFTKA.
Frontispiece.
DESHASHEH
18 9 7
BY
W. M. FLINDERS PETllIE, D.C.L., LL.D., Ph.D.
KIi\VAK[lS rUlJFl'lSSIlK IIF Ki; Vl' I'll 1,1 I|;V, UNIVKBSITV COLLEGE, LdXDIlX
VIIK-IMIKSIDENT UK llil: UIIVAT, AlifllAEnLOG ICAL INSTITUTE, LOXMOX
MKMIIKR OK THE IMrEBIAL r.KHMAN ARCIIAEOLOfilCAL INSTITUTE
COllB. MEMH. SOfTETY OK ANTHROPOLOGY, RERLIN
MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OK NORTHERN ANTHJUARIES
With a (Chapter bi/ F. Ll. GRTFFTTH, M.A., F.S.A.
FIFTEENTH ME]\rOIR OF
THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND
rv BUSHED BY OllDEll OF THE COMMITTEE
LONDON:
SOLD AT
The offices OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND, 37, Great Russell Street, W.C, AND AT 59, Temple Street, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.; ixn BY KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., Paternoster House, Cuaring Cross Road, W.C. B. QUARITCH, 15, Piccadilly, W. ; ASHER & Co., in, Bedford Street, Covent Garden, W.C.
1898
PRINTED BY GILUPIRT AND RIVINGTON, LIMITIOD, ST. JOHN'S IIOIISE, CLKRKKNffELL, EX.
ECxYPT EXPLORATION FUND.
IprcBlDcnt. SIR JOHN FOWLER, Bart., K.C.M.G.
Uice=ipvcslC»cnt6.
SinE. ]\rAUNDF,TiioMrsoN,K.C.B.,D.C.L.,LL.l). Major - General Sir Francis Ghenfeu.,
G.C.M.G., K.C.B. TiiK Kev. Prof. A. H. Sayoe, M.A., LL.I). Charles Duulky Warner, Esq., L.H.D., LL.D.
(U.S.A.). The Hev. AV. G. Winslow, D.D., D.C.L.
(U.S.A.).
The Hon. Chas. L. HuTcniNSON (U.S.A.),
The Hon. John G.ko. Bourinot, D.C.L
(Canada). 1'rof. G. J\[AsrER0, D.C.L. (France). PuoF. Ad. ErmaNj Ph.D. ((iennany). JosiAH Mullens, Esq. (Australia). M. CHARLEa Hentsch (Switzerland).
Uion. tlicaaurevs. II. A. Grueber, Er(i., F.S.A. F. C. Foster, Esq. (U.S.A.).
J. S. Cotton, Esq., M.A.
f.ioii. Secretaries.
The Rev. W. C, Winslow, D.D. (U.S.A.).
/IlicnUicrs of Committee.
T. H. Baylis, Esq., M.A., Q.C., V.D.
Miss M. Buodrick, Ph.D. (for Post. m).
SoMEus Clarke, Esq., F.S..\.
W. E. Cku.m, E.'^q., M.A.
Sir John Evans, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D.
Arthur John Evans, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.
F. Ll. Griffith, Esq., ^M.A., F.S.A.
jVLts. F. Ll. Griffith.
T. Farm 10 R Hall, Esq.
John Horniman, Esq., M.P.
Mrs. McGlure.
The Rev, W. MacGhegor, M.A.
A. S. Murray, Esq., LL.D., F.S.A.
The Marquis of Noutitampton.
1). Parrish, Esq. (U.S.A.).
Francis Wm. Percival, Es.]., M.A., F.S.A.
Prof. W. M. Flinders Petijih, D.C.L. (fm-
Chicago). F. G. Hilton Price, Esq., F.S.A. Mrs. Tiraud.
The Rev. H. G. Tomkins, M.A. The Lord Bishop of Truro. Hermann Weber, Esq., M.D. I^Iajor-General Sir Charles W. Wilson,
K.C.B., K.C.M.G., F.R.S.
CONTENTS.
INTKODUCTION.
1 . Expluratimi uf Middle Egypt
2. CeuR'tery of Deshaslieh. Tl. 1. .
CHAPTER I.
Tjiii TiiMB oi' Anta.
3. Chruuology of the ceuu'tery. PI. II.
4. Plan of the tomb. PI. III.
5. Battle iu Syria. PI. IV. .
6. Siege of town. PI. IV.
7. Boat-building, &c. PI. V.
8. Shipof Auta. PI. VI. .
9. Ptecess of the tomb. Pis. Vli.-L\. 10. Animals, dancers, &c. Pis. X.-XII.
1 1 . Workmen, & pilhirs. Pis. XilL, XiV
CHAPTER II. Thk Tomb of Suedu.
12. Plan of the tomb. PI. IIT.
13. Field scenes and servants. Pis. XV.-
XYU
14. Cattle and funeral sacrifice. Pi. XVIII.
15. Recess of the tomb. Pis. XIX., XX.
16. Workmen. PI. XXI.
■ 17. Fishing and harvest. Pis. XXIL, XXIII
9 1)
10 10
10
18. Lower faradc. Pis. XXIV., XXV. . 11
CHAPTEE III.
Tii.MBS (IF NkNKIIKFTKA AM) SuN.
19. Position of tomb and serdab
20. Statues found .... 2 1 . Condition of statues .
22, Wrecking of statues and sepulchre
23. Nenkheftek's tond) .
CHAPTER IV.
ToMliS WITH i^KKFKCT BoDlKS.
24. Classes uf burials. PI. XXVI. .
25. Full-length burials. Amulets .
26. Contracted burials in coffins
27, Burial in Idock coffins
28, Burial without coffins, full length
29, Burial without coffins, contracted
30. Uncertain burials
CHAPTER V.
TdMiJS wrru Dis.skvkuku Bodies.
31 . Bodies with portions dissevered .
32. Bodies mainly dissevered .
33, Bodies completely dissevered and
reconstituted ....
34, Bodies completely dissevered and
irregular .....
35, Burial and treatment of bodies .
12 13 I-l 15
l(i Ki
17
IS
IS
is
20
21
22
23
24
▼Ill
OON'I'KN'I'S.
ClIAI'TKR VI.
MkASURHMKNTS ok IIIIO SkKI/KTOiNS.
36. .Mutevinl for meusurcineiil .
37. Diiiiciisioiis ol' skulls coiiipaiod
38. Proportions of skulls compared
39. Dimensions of bones .
40. Proportions of bones . 41 . Roman skulls
CHAPTER VII.
Minor Objects.
42. Wooden ti^'ures.
43. Clothiiii:
44. Mallets, chisels, and sliarptiucrs .
45. Palette, lioad-rests, and I'ccd-work
46. Pottery
25
25 2B 27
28 29
|
. n-2 |
|
. ;m |
|
. ;]5 1 |
CllAlTKll VIII, Skoon'd.mjv Buki.\i,s.
47. Pui-ials vi' .W'llltli Dynasty
48. Konian burials . . . .
49. Jiahsaniuu . . . .
CH7\PTER fX.
TlIK IxsClillTltlNS.
By l<\ \A. Griffitli, M.A.. K.S.A.
50. Tomb of Anta . . . . 51 . Tomb of Shedu . . . ,
52, Boai'd and coffin of Mera, .
53. Coffin of Nenklieft-ek .
INDEX
LIST OK PLATES.
37
42
44
4(;
47
■i!)
r^9.
DESHASHEH.
INTRODUCTION.
(1.) Thk work of this year has been more varied than usual, and has fulfilled more the character of exploration than in previous years. One of the least known parts of Egypt, the western side from the Fayum to Minieh, was completely traversed and examined ; and two sites within that area were excavated.
At the end of November I went to settle at Behnesa, the Roman Oxyrhynkhos, and built huts there for our party. Mr. Geere accompanied me, and Mr. Grenfell and Mr. Hunt came soon after. The permission to excavate was granted on November 30 ; but we were kept idle, Avait- ing for its official transmission, till December 12, thus losinir a larije fraction of the season. On examining the desert bcliind Behnesa, back for fdur miles, we failed to find any tomlis of importance ; and only Roman toml)s were found near the town. All the toAvn mounds were Roman and Araljic, and I did not find anything of importance except the beginning of the great harvest of papyri. Seeing that the interest of the place would depend on that line, and not on Egyptian remains, I handed the site over entirely to Messrs. Grenfell and Hunt, and went exploring southward.
The whole edge of the desert from Behnesa and Minieh was explored; all the ruins and ceme- teries Avere noted, and many places examined in the cultivated land and also back in the
desert. I travelled j^fii'tly on donkey, partly Avalking, and constantly using a telescope to search the distance ; each evening, on camping by the Arab villages which skirt the cultivation, I gathered all the iulormation that I could from the people. One certain result is that the site for the coloured plaster heads from coffins, Avhich was exploited a fcAv years ago, is in the cemeteries a little north of ]\Iiuicli ; the people mentioned them, and I saAv pieces of them lying about. The scenery here is unlikt; any other part of Egypt. On crossing the Nile j^lain and I'eachinii' the desert a hiirh sand dime is seen, which seems to be the beginning of the endless Avaste. Ascending it, a long strip of lilue lake of fresh Avater lies Ix'fore us, a qiiartcr to half a mile Avide. When the dune behind that is climbed, anotlicr lake is seen, and yet anothei'. At one point of vieAV I saAV six parallel lakes of blue Avater divided by high dunes of yelloAV sand. These lakes are filled up at each high Nile, and then gradually dry aAvay during the succeeding months, leaving rich grassy plains, on which the Arabs pasture their cattle. The Avhole of this side of the country, for some three or four miles into the cultivation, is held by settled tribes of desert Arabs. They have almost ceased to be nomadic, mostly living in houses ; but they keep up the carrying of arms, and any man of importance Avears a small arsenal,
B
DKSnASIlKII.
tlie old i-iclilv silvcr-innuiitcil liliiii(l('i-l>us< serving' to iittc'st liis r(sp(>ci;iliility, \\liilr ;i \):\\v of six-cliumhercil rcNulvcrs, lully l<i;i<lc(l, sli(i\v ;i capncitv {\>v Imsiiicss. I Avas i-eceivcd with tin' most pressing hospitality, and was luinlly nlilc U> keep to iny (^iiict tent and avoid nocturnal leasts and Avcaryinp; politenesses. The sites proved to be nearly all Kontan, except a cenietcry of the XXIInd Dvnastv : so I returned to Behncsa. in order to go northwards.
The desert edge IVoni Uolmesa to ^Icdinet el Faynni was then all traversed similarly. At I'd j\resid a native scribe came to my tent, and began giving me the names and details of all the sites of towns and cemeteries on both east and ■west banks. lie is the only native that I have seen, who took a real interest in such matters ; he had actuallv visited most of the places, but Avas apparently not digging or dealing, nor attempting to make; anything bv his knowledge Ifis nauK! is I'mran Khallil ; he answered all my ini|uii'ies most c()rdiallv, ami did all he could tn put me on the tracdc of what he knew : so far as 1 could \'eril\' his inl'ni'iiiation, both before and afterwards, it was rpiite correct. The princijial place of impoi'tance in this region was a I Deshasheh, which is n moih'rn village about eighty miles south of Cairo on the westei-n edge of the plain. Ilei'e 1 hought ten thousand bricks and left a lad to run upnurhuts. On retui'uing four days later with my baggage from riehnesa, I foiuid them all bnilt and wc settled in, upon a sand duiH^ bordering the Bahr Ynsuf at the little Arab handet of I'h' Righa.
(2.) 'i'he desert here runs back in a plain, gently rising from the cultivated land for ahont two miles, up to the foot of the jjlateau of lime- stone, which here rises about eighty feet. The tondjs are all cut in the edge of the plateau, and extend over about half a mile ([)1. i.). Thcic arc many varieties of form ; mastabas with deep j)its, i-ock-hewn chapels with deep pits, chambei's with passages sloping into the hill-side, pits alone with tond)-cliand)er below, loni^- jijts.
lor lowering a collin hoi-i/ontalK' \\'ilh a I'ecess at the side lielow, jiit- "with bodie-: King ill them boxed o\'ei' Willi slalis, long pits with bones K'ing in them open, and nna-e crack-; in (he rock containing boiies hea|ied together.
All of these are inteniiingled in one cemetei'v, and IVoiii the potters' and style of burial appear to be all of one ;ige, the \'th Dviiastw A lew j secondarv burials of the .W'lllth Dvnastvwere I found ; in one case in a rock chamber, in two other cases half-wav down a. d('e[) pit. In Konian times maiiv of these; tombs bad been re-used, and contained from half-a-dozen up to twenty bodies. These mummies were all i bandaged with narrow crossing strij)es outside, in the usual stvle of the I'nd century A. D. ; non(^ of them had anv ornaments or portraits. In some eases the bones of the original possessoi', or only the skull, were placed carefully on one side of the chamber, distinguishable by their wdute- mv-!s fi'ijinthe Roman bones ; in otlier cases they seiimed to have been removed befor(> the Roman interments. The detailed description of these minor tombs occupies here ( 'haptei's IV. and Y. One main woi'k at Deshasheh was the copying of the sculptured tombs. Two tombs had been cleared, and locke<l up bv the Dc})artment of Anticpiities ; and a lower facade of one of these \vas fnrther found in in\' exca\'ations, which showed two new subjects — a pyramid and its tem|)le, and boatmen with raised oars. The copyingwas doiii' full si/.e, and amounted tolTjO feet in length, tive feet high.
Tiu! i)osition of the town to which this cemeteiy Ixdonged is not yet known. The causeway down the hill IVom Shedu's tomh points to n site, of ruins in tlu; plain, about a, mile froni the desert; but this site is entirely boman, and not (devated aJiove the i)resent land. It might, howcA'er, cover an early site which Avas formerly on the desert edge, and has since been covei'ed and sun-oiinded with about fifteen or twenty feet of Nile deposits. Ibit on the other hand two untinished graves were ioiuid, each
INTRO DUCTTOy. 3
contaiiiin,^ n, stock n\' mnllcts, diisds, liaskcts, to tlic close of Inisiuoss nfter I left, aiul in
cord, etc., used by the WMrkiiien f,,r ex.-ivatiiio- \ H'l'iting- the account giveu here of the Bnhsnnuni
the yravel. Ila.l the town heeii near the ceini- | cemetery. In the inkin- in of the di-awings [
tery the men wonld n.-t hav,^ lelt their tools ' ha,ve to thank Miss Hilda U'rlni, and also Mr.
behind, and if left by chance, they would have IlerJKsrt Thompson in the' restoration of the
fetched them; it rather appears that the town , lists of ollerin-s. and Dr. AValker. Th<> laroer
was so far away (pmbably l)y the Nile, aJ)()nt l<:i [diotonraphs are due to tlie skill of Mr. Fi-mik
Ealanka) that each day they hardly thoii-ht il Ilaes. And 1 ha.ve tu thank l)wthMr. Hunt and
worth while to go np to fetch the property. : Mr. Gcere for nieasnrin- a lar_i4-c nund)cr of
In the Avork on the si)ot Mr. II. A\ Cicere | lloman skulls. Thus a-'ain )ny"''friends have
assisted me by doing the survey, and attending ! shared and lightened my work.
T)i:,STTASnRTI.
CHAPTEE I.
THE TOMB OF ANTA,
(3.) T\\h tomb is the more important of the two bearing sculptures at Dcsliasbeb. Tlic position of it is the l:)cst in the whole cemetery (sec pis. i., u.), occupying- the brow of a striking isolated liill at the south end of the plateau edo-c. It is oliviously the first site to 1)0 taken in the district : and botli the sculptun'd touib of Shedu, and the destroyed inastaba of Nenkheftka — whence the statues come — ai-e far inferior in position. The execution of it is also larger, bolder, and apparently earlier than that of Shedu. It seems very probable that the tombs were executed in successive order from south to north, and so the sequence of the more important is, (1) Anta, (2) Nenkheftka, (3) Shedu. Now in the tomb of Sliedu we find (pi. xviii.) a sou named Tetakhu, belonging therefore to the first reign of the Vlth Dynasty. Nenkheftka and his son Ncnkheftek might then probably belong to the latter half of the Vth Dynasty. And at Saq(|ara is a tond) of another Nenkheftka and his son Nenkheftek ; these cannot be the same as the two of Deshasheh, as the wife of the elder is Neferhoteps at Saqqara, and Nefcrseshems at Deshasheh. Proljably thcrefoi'C tlic Saqqara men ai'e the two generations before the Deshasheh men, as the royal names in their tomb arc of Userkaf and Sahura, at the beginning of the Vth Dynasty. These relationships of this family are the more likely as Nenkhcftek's nrfer name is Thy ; and Thy of Saqqara was in the second genei'ation below Nenkheftka there, as seen in the descent of property (Miss Murray, in J'roc. Soc. nih. AycJi.,x\u.2AA). Lastly, it is probable that Anta preceded Nenkheftka, by the position
of his tomb, and therefore he belongs to the middle of the Vth Dynasty.
'i'o resume in historic order, using provision- ally the dating Avhich I have given in my history, so as to see the relation of the o;enerations :
Nenklieftka of Saqc^ara,
Nenkheftek of Saqqai'a,
Anta of Deshasheh, iVeidcheftka of Deshasheh
about 3G70 u.r.,
or later. about 3(M0 B.C.,
or later, about 3(100 B.C. about 3570 B.C. Nenkheftek-Thy of Deshasheh, about 3540 r.c. (Thy of Saqqara being about 3500 n.c.)
Shedu of Deshasheh, about 3500 n.c.
These dates are roughly the central datc^ of each life. The subjects and style of the Deshasheh tombs agree entirely with those of the same age at Saqqara.
(4.) The tomb-chamber of Anta is cut just behnv the top of the isolated hill, at the south end of the cenietery. Only sufficient thickness of limestone to form the roof is left above it. Outside of it there was originally a sloping face of ))uilt blocks of limestone, slightly sunk ; this doubtless had originally a band of inscription aljove the doorway, and perhaps scenes in relief upon it, as upon tiie rock-cut facade of Shedu. Of this front only the foundation remains, just showing the projection at each end which gave the sunken effect to it, and the further recess in which the doorway was placed. Before the facade tlic ground was all artificially raised by a bed of stone chips al)Out three feet thick, from which two or three steps led down to the door.
TITH TOMB OF ANTA.
In this chip phitl'nrni, a little in front of tlic door, and on the north side of the path, a jar was sunk with its mouth level with the surftice (pi. xxxiii. 20). This Avas probably to receive the drink-otterings made licfore the tomb.
The sculptured chamber of the tomlj was entirely in the rock, excepting part oftiie top of the front, Avhich may have been built u]) \vith blocks. This part has now been restored \vith stones and cement by the Government ; and a, wooden roof has been supplied in place of a part of the front edge of the roof which had fallen away. The chamber is divided across the middle by three pillars ; these ^verc not left in the rock, but were cut and put in place. Two of the three have been overthrown, and used by the Copts for making divisions. The back (W.) of the chamber has three recesses ; on the south of the back is a d(;orway, opening into a small rough chaml)er with two niches ; on the north is another doorway opening into a rough chamber with two wide recesses and one narrower ; these chambers were pi'obably the .scrJahs for the funeral statues of Anta and ]\Iinmert respectively. In the inidst of the back is the wide recess with sculptures around it. The back of this r
eccss lias n"-ares ol
Anta.
and his wife, tables and lists of offerings, and
organic matter, it clearly belonged to the primary interment, I'athcr than to any secondary burial in the Roman re-use oi' the tombs. It may be taken then as the head of Anta ; and it is one of the most noble faces that has ever been ibiuid among Egyptian skulls. The fine breadth of it, the width between the eyes, the splendidly developed facial bones, and the uprightness of the teeth and the jaw profile, l)lace it as above most other faces that I have seen for the expression of aljility and character (see pi. xxxvi., top).
(5.) The sculptures on the sides of the upper cluuuber comprise many new subjects, and some of the greatest interest.
I'l. iV. N. half of E. wall. This shows scenes from a Avar between the.Egyptiaus and a peo|)le of north Arabia or southern Palestine. The hair and top lock is like that of the ]\Ienti-Satet on the gold pectoral of Ameneinhat III., or more closely that on the scene of Tepi {IJfiiliiialcr, ii. I IC). Unhappily the inscription is so much lost by the ruin of the top and the scaling of the bottom, that I could not recover more than is drawn here. It is coarsely blocked out in relief Possibly there may be place- names in the last column but one, determined by outlines of forts containing an enemy. If
figures of dishes and vases. In the lower part so, the onlv legible name Avould be Nahia. This
two blocks were inserted, which have since l)een
is otherwise unknown, and the only name in
torn out, and lie in the chamber. These gave i Ptolenay that could correspond would beAuitha, access to a passage which led doAvn^vard to the ' about the position of Es Salt, east of the Jordan, sepulchral chamber; but another access was This is hardly likely, but there seems no lietter provided— probably later and accidental— by a possibility. The second name begins Avith Un, large pit sunk from the top of the hill, doAvii on or Hi ii, a spring. I cleared aAvay all the loose
rubbish far in front of this tomb, in hopes of finding some blocks Avitli more of the inscription, but in A'ain.
The war scenes are the most .spirited and dramatic that remain to us, as well as being the earliest. Unhappily the wall has been a good deal injured in general, besides being entirely destroyed in parts Avhere recesses have been cut
the south of the passage. The first chamber reached, by a sloping j^fissage, is large and plain ; out of the south end of it a doorway leads to a second chamber. In the second chamber is a depression in the floor for a coHin, in the south-Avcst corner, lyiuir ^vith leii"th N. to S., like all burials here. In this hollow Avas found only a skull and jaAv. From the con-
dition of the skull, its whiteness and absence of j by the Coptic dwellers in the tomb. These
i)i:siiAsiii':ii.
iiijiirics ]iiiv(; ]v.\'t iiiniiy sulijt'cts vory iin|)C-iTcct ; and it liccaiiK! a serious i|iit'sti(iii Iidw I'ar dotted completions should 1)0 curriiMl out. 'riic lade adopted was that every detail about wliicli there eould not vcasonahly he any uncertainty should he dotted in. By dottin,n' the restored lines no ipiestiun can arise as to whether the line dept'uds on actual remains or on presumptiun ; and it such continuations wc^re not inserted it would be impossible for anyone, however familiar with such subjects, to nndei'stand sinne pai'ts cleaiiv. To take an extreme case here, noti' in pi. iv., middle sc(_Mie in the town enclnsui'c at the i'iL;iit hand, where two women are IVircin^' dnwn a man. Of one woman onl\^ a, Inrearm and elbow remain; this shows the place of one shoulder; she must face the other woman in order to art, hence the other shoulder is fixed ; her head must lean forwai'd for such an action as thrust- in^LT, and her other arm could not he fai' back or it woidd cut the h^'iu'es behind it; so— with some doid)t |)erha])s on this last point — the arm is [jlaced whei-e pressni'C is certainly needed in the group, on the man's head. This is an extreme case, yet it is hardly possible even here to suppose an\' other ari'an^ement than thai <,n\-en. No attempt has been made to(lc;d with many nuitilated ligures, whei'e thei'e was no suflicient clue to the action.
Considerinir now the scenes represented. In pi. iv. in the middle is a scene in four lines. At the top are parts oi' four l'',i!yptiaii archers advancing to attack the town shown on the ri;rht. Below them are two lines of tlu; li"ht between the Egyptians armed with shallow battle-axes and the Sati armed with clubs. It is clear that the archers have preceded the ■im'luc, as the Sati have many arrows sticking in them. The combats are full of action, and far superior in design to tlie stiil' siege scenes of the Xlltli Dynasty at Beni Hasan, in the tombs of Ameny, Batjt Iff., and i\hotv ; and though less imposing than the mtjnster battle scenes ol' Sety I. and Rainessu il., yet this wall shows as
nnu'h in\cnt ion and more detail of action. The breakingof (lie bow was the token of sulimission by the Sali, as a|)[)ears here in two cases. In the lowest stage' the captives ai'e l)eing led off the ti eld, roped together, 'i'lie attitmle of the lit.tle bov in IVont, led \>y the woman, is t'x- cellent ; and ;it- Ihi; I'ear is the spirited gi'oup of the h,g\'ptia.n guard, who has cajit-ured a girl and tJn'own hei' o\'ei' his shoulder, Avhile she e\identl\' fears I'alling oil' more than anything, and IS holdinn- nn b\' an arm o\'er his head.
(6.) At the right liand of the scene is the foi-tilied enclosure of the towi: of the Sati. The men ha\'e nearly all conu' out to light in the open, and hardly anvbnt \vomen remain behind. At the liase are two I']g\'ptians outside the fort, mining the brick wall Avith long pikes, ^vhile an ollicei' stan<ls hy with his battle-axe in his girdle, leaning on a, stall'. Inside the waW a, man of the Sati kneels doAvn listening to the ground, to (h'tcct whei'e the attack can be heai'd ; while anotlier stands behind him as a messenger, submissively silent, hushed by the Avaruing hand upraised by the listener. This was the I'^gyptian attack ; Ijut a. diU'erent attack had been made bva j)art\' of Ijedawi auxiliaries, \vho seemed to lia\'e swarmed up a ladder Avhich leans against the fort, and to have tried to raid the town. The Sati women, however', took good account of them. Iil the top line one woman stabs a Bedawi to the heart ; another woman and a little boy comi)L'l the surivuder of anotlier, Avho breaks his bow. On the second line is the scene in the palace of the chief; he is seated on his throne, before him kneels a Avoman, another stands tearing her hair, and an infirm old mau and a little infant join the deputation, which has come to tell the chief of the loss of the town, lie tears his hair, as he sits hearing the news. At the entrance to the ])resence a Bedawi tries to thrust himself in, but is bravely driven back by a Sati woman. The two upright lines here seem to n)ark an entrance ; but the meaning is obscure, OAving to the loss of the upper part. On
TUl'J TUiMI! OF AM'A.
tliu third lint' inv Iwu gruups Avlioro ;i Urdawi is being suIxUkmI l)y two Sati woiiicu. The lourth line has liud simihir srenes, of Avliich one sliows huw a. Sati woiijan has suceesslully got behind a Ijedawi and higged Iiiiu over by tlie anupits. And at tlie base are the t\vo men listening for the mining, a woman, and a slain Bedawi lying on the ground.
(7.) 1*1. V. The top line shows the trap- ping of birds in a. net. The second line the pulling of papyrns in the marshes, carrying the bundles of it, axid Imilding the papyrus Ijoats. Coils of papyrus rope have been twisted by the boy sitting beloAv the boat, aud are lying about on the ground beyond the boat. The third line shows the birth of a calf, suckling, and milking of cows. And a.t the base arc the fishers dra"-- ging a net, one pa,rty in a Ijoat and others on shore. A dwarf on the boat is usiu"- a slin"- Such a -w^orking of a large net Ijy two parties is usual now. Two other lishers carry off three large iish, hanging from an oar, to the drying ground, Avhere they are split and cured in the sun. This plate is the end Avail, Avliich is not divided liy any i)ilaster opposite the line of cohunns as in Shedu's tomb.
(8.) PL A^r. This scene is on the Avest wall between the door in the N.W. corner and the great niiddle recess. The boatmen on shore are carrying rope and an oar. (Jn the boat Ave see Anta himself standing in front of his caJ)in, with his titles in full, " Iloyal acquaintance, overseer of distribution (of offerings ?), overseer of royal monuments, ruler of a fortress, leader of the land, de\-oted to his lord, Anta." Three (if his servants arc belVjre him, named Demez, Apa., and An-nefer ; Avliile at the stern is the over- seer of the /•(/ servants, and two others named .... su and Khyt. The boat is of the t}'pe usual in tomb sculptures of this dynasty ; the mats spread for sitting on, a,t the Iioavs a,nd behind the cabin, should be noted.
(9.) i'l. VIL Here Anta and Minmert are standing, Avith a long inscription before
them in Avhich Auta recounts Avhat he has done i'or his toinli.
PI. VIII. The back of the recess has been much destroy(Hl by the oiiening up of the passage leading through the loAvcr part of it to the sepulchre behind. It had in the upper part figures of Anta and his Avife Miiunert, seated A\'ith tables of otierings before them, aud a list of offerings. BeloAv Avere two lines of vases and dishes of offerings. Of this part two large Iffocks hav(! I)een removed and lie in the tomb ; their positions as drawn here are fi.xed, at the right hand by the A'ertical dividing-line — Avhich Avas l)robably under the division of the top inscription of the husl)and and Avife,— and at the middle by the largest stand being probably in the middle oi' the husliand's group. The levels are iixed by the continuation of the horizontal line.
PI. IX. On the southern side of the recess are tigures of Anta and Minmert standing. The hices have been much bashed about, yet the outlines can be tract'd. Before them are six children, sons and daughters alternately as it seems. And in front is another girl, Avho is na.med a Ptoyal Acijuaintance in each scene: 1)1. ix. here, pi. x., and pi. xii. In pis. ix. and X. the name seems to be the same, Sit-kaic; as this gill is not stated to I)e " his daughter, his beloved," a.s is usual in the case of a child, it rather seems as if she Avere some other relatiA'e. Possibly the first sign in the name, pi. ix., is .«'//,. and she maybe a younger sister of Anta. The fragmentary name on pi. xii. cannot agree to this, and seems as if it Avere of a different person. The servants below are offering incense, leadinir a very large hyaena, a,ud carrying a crane. The rest of the A\'all has been cut aAvay by two lar"'e recesses cut by the Cojjtic inhaliitants.
(10.) PI. .\. This is between the recess and the soutliern doorway to a scrdab. A recess has beiui cut out through the figure of Minmert. Anta is here in his jjriestly charactej- Avith the panther's skin ; and both he and Minmert Avear elaborate sandals.
nESllASHEH.
PL XL This naiTOW slip of \vall is soutli oi" the scrdab dooi-. It has the oiyx, ibex, addax, and bull, all kept as tamed animals. On the ■flank of the bull is a label or brand with the number 113.
I'l. XII. The south wall is contiiuious across the tomb, and uidiroken by anv pilaster, such as is in the toiid) ol" Shedn. Here Anta and j\Iinmert are seeinc^ the festivities, and the cutting up of the cattle for the feast. The dancers show several postures not represented elsewhere. It has been necessary to fdl up tlie scattered frap-mcnts of figures which remain on the wall, by repeating the poi'tions of the similar figures, and connecting them together. Were it not for the repetitions, each of Avhicli gave difl'erent fragments of the figure, it would have been impossible to complete this wall, for at lirst sight it looks a mere battered surface. Some few jinrts could nut 1)0 determined, such as the hands, and the bearing leg of the posture at the right end of the to]) line. The figures which are in isolated attitudes, as at each end of the top line, could not be completed. The wands borne, sometimes in one hand, sometimes in both hands, are of a new type, curved wooden sticks ending in a brad of a gazelle. In the third line a large part has been entirely destroyed by the Copts in their cutting a large recess. The grou}) of harper and singers remains in lair state, and is one of the best carvings in the place. At the base is the draii-^'infr down of the sacrificial ox by the sons of Anta, and the cutting up of the oxen.
(11.) PI. Xni. At the south side of the doorway are the seated figures of Anta and Minmert, almost destroyed by the cutting out
of a large recess, Avhile another recess occupies much of the rest of the wall. They were seated beholding the various workmen of their estate. In the upper line the painters are working on a part of the funeral furniture; a sculptor' is polishing a statue ; ami ap[)arently a l)oat is being prepared. In the middle line comes the huntsman with the dogs. Ami at the l>ottom, stands the scribe Messis (?) holding the roll of the estate register, Avith his writing palette under his arm, and pens behind his car. Baskets of papyri tied round Avith cords stand Ijeyond him. Following him is a man liolding a large cloth, and another with a sack of cloth- ing and a pair of sandals. Two dwarfs have charge of the ornaments, such as bead collars. At the end are coppersmiths, one man burnishing a vase, the other weighing a bowl, with a liatchet and two chisels behind him. This shows that the hatchet scolloped out at the liaiidle was already in use. Below are three sandal-makers, and two men holding a sack.
PI. XIV. Lastly, the pillars Avhich supported the roof were also carved, but very rudely, apparently by Iiammer Avork, to judge by the rounded forms. The figures are clumsy, made like those at Aswan, and are evidently by hands totally ditlerent J'roiii those Avhich did the fiiic and spirited drawings on the Avails. Three sides of the standing pillar are here shown ; the fourth is of the same kind, as also are the over- thrown pieces of the other pillars Avhicli lie in the tomb. Some of the pieces ha\^e been stacked to form a dividing wall, by the (Joptic inhabitants of the tomb, Avho smashed the sculptures, daubed pious graffiti in red upon the Avails, and ])lastered much over with mud and filth.
CHAPTEll II.
THE TOMB OF SHEDU.
(12.) This tmnli is of very unusual ibrui. Ill place of having a sculi)turc'd front to the chamljcr, the cntranee is in a, laeade at a lower level ou the hill-side, and rises by a flight of steps to the higher level of the chamber (pi. iii. ) . The facade had a rock roof projecting over it, supported by two pillars, and a Avidc court before it. Rising to the chamber level through a passage lined with sculpture and inscriptions, the sculptured chamber is reached, divided in two by a row of three pillars and two pilasters across it from side to side. All of these pillars have been cut away for stone. There is the usual recess for a false door in the western side ; and to the south of that is the srrdub chamber. The floor of the recess is mostly occupied with the pit leading down to the sepulchral chamber. This pit under-cuts the south side of the recess, and a narrow little hole is pierced through the rock to a niche cut in the scrdah cha.ml)er. Thus alter the pit was floored over by beams, the holes for which remain, there would still lie an ojiening into it from the ^e.rdah chamber. And from the serdab a nari'ow cutting led up to the o})eu air through the rock roof. Thus the ha. would find no obstruction iu flying down into the sepulchre, visiting the statues in the serdab, or gaining the outer air.
(13.) PI. XV. This Avail had the figure of Ateta, suruamed Shcdu, standing and beholding his estate. The toi) line is entirely destroyed by the falling in of the top and roof. The second line shows the fowleis Avorking a clap-net, and bringing up the l)irds Avhich have been caught. In the third line are goats l)roAVsing on two trees ; and a herd of another species. At the
base is the riA'cr Avith a, herd of cattle crosshig, led by three men in a. boat. Unhappily this Avail is much cut to iiieces Avith large recesses made by the Copts; and two long Coptic scraAvls arc scratched on the clearest surfaces.
IT. XVI. Half of the end Avall up to the pilaster shoAVS Shcdu beholding his vineyard. Above are offerings, some placed on a tal)le. BeloAV is the la,rge vine on props. Avith tbree men picking the clusters. The next st'cne should be putting the Avine in jars, but it is too ! much destroyed to be understood. At the base
is the storing of the Avine in jars. I ri. XVII. Ou the other half of the end wall I is Shedu beholding his l-a priests. A pile of otlerings fills the top, placed upon stands and tables; and beloAV are three roAVs of priests bearing jars, palm-spathes, lotus Hoavcu's, a calf, ears of corn, ducks, loaves of bread, l\:i'. llclwrc Shedu is his sister; but her na,iiie has been completely erased.
(14.) I'l. XVIll. To the north of the recess, ou the Avest Avall, is Shedu Ijcholdiug liis cattle. At the top we have the scribe of the estate Avriting the accounts, and tables ol' offerings behind him. BeloAv are the cattle breeding, and milking; the determinative of a stream of milk iu the hieroglyphs is perliajis a, new sign. In the third line are other cattle, two bulls lighting, and half-a-dozen calves. At the base is a scene of Ijinding the ux for sacrifice. This is an important example, as it shows that the small figures usually seen drag- o-ing doAvn the great sacrificial ox are the sons of the man. At the front is one named " his son Khan-sebek," and another named " Khu-
10
DKSIIASniMl.
'IV'ta"; fliis l)('ini^- cunipoiiiiiliMl with ;i kind's iijimc is ])i-ul)al(lv alsu a son (jI' the iii>l)k'. Tlie otlu'i" liDys arc tlifi'i'lnrc pn'siiiiiaMy also of tlic I'aiuily ; and this pdiiits to thu capture (if (he sacrifice 1)\' the sons hcini:; a iicci'ssar\' pai't of the ritual (if ancestral worship. The man who is lielpini:; at the hack shows 1>\' his size the youth ot the sons. A verv small hull hehind scorns as if it l)elon;;v(l to a dillerent hreed of diminutive c;rttle ; it is evidently full i;rown, hy its [)i'oportions in oonipai'ison \vith those of the calves in tlic line ahove. A still i^i'eater dif- lercnce of size in ln-eeds mav he seen in Indian cattle, as shown in Kiplin_i;"s ''Man and Beast in India."
(15.) I'l. XIX. The nni-th side of tlu' recess (marked here in ei'i'or S. wall ofrect'ss) is nearly all destroyed ; hut a small piece in relief slioAVs the name of Shedu, with the hest (example of the determinative, a water-skin ; the lon.u' neck t(j the left, the heltfor slinu-inii' it over the shonldei', and tin.' sa.Li" of the skin sluni^- IVom tin' helt, are just like the modern Avater-skin carried ahout Cairo at present. Below that comes the name of his mother, ?ilertefs, which also occurs on pi. xvi., and has heen elsewhere carved.
The |)ilaster inscriptions show the same titles that are seen elscwheri!, and a hit of the irronp seen on flic statues of Nenkheltka (i)l. xxxiii. 27).
The hack of the recess had a ialse door scul])tured on it, flanked hy lii^ures of jars of offerin;_fs. It has heeu i^reatly hroken away, and what remains is disfigured hy thick in- crustation of salt.
I'l. XX. On the South wall of the recess was a fii^ure of Shedu seated, with a tahle of offerings hcfore him. The west Avail of the toiidj, to the south of the recess, is nearly all destroyed, only frafnnents of some small fii^iires remaining: at the top.
(16.) I'l. XXI. Here Shedu and his daughter are hehokling the workmen of the estate. The carpenters are polishing a couch.
heneath which ai'e the hoxes for clothing, Siv., and t.wo head-i'ests, placi'd on footstools. .Another cai'|)enter is sawing a [ilank. The wood is lashed on to an upright post \\'hich is phuited in the grnund. :ind i^ further stayed hy ropes foi-e and aft tying it down tn a,ttaclniients in tlu: gn>nnd. The lashing which attaches tlie iioai'd to the li.xed post is tightened hy twisting it up with a stick, and the liall of sur[>Ius cord hangs down. In tlie middle line is a carpenter trinuniuir a trreat door. Next is a machine made of a, forked iiiefe standinir on the <iround and a long curved leg fastened to it, forming a tri])od ; on tliis is fastened a long lever arm, so as to foi'm a pi-ess or vice. This is worked l)y one man })utting his weight on the level', while .another places hars of wood to he acted on in the press. A row of such hars lies in the ])ack- ground. The inscription was never completed, the name of the olijcct or action was some unusual sign which the sculptor did not know, ,and he has left a, hlank for it. The use of this pi'ess is not clear ; it may have heen to compress and harden the points of the stakes, or to trim them into shape with a cutter ; hut if the kittei', we sliould expect to have the form of the end sliOAvn. Lastly comes the cutting of wood ; the word nczer, ov iicji'r, " to prepare wood or carpenter," is still used, tlu^ itiujiji'i r Ijeiiig the modern Araliic for a carpenter. At the hottom is the preparation of leather, and sandal-making ; leather cases for mirrors, &c., stand in the hack- ground.
(17.) I'l. X.XII. On the other half of the South wall is the. very usual lishing scene, "where Shedu is accomp.anii'd hy his daughter and one son who is si)earing fish. The son's name remains — " Nona, wdiose surnanu! is J'h'dunef- hotep " (sec pi. xxv.) ; and he lii'ld the oflice of govci'nor of the palace and (■om])anion like his father. .Another son whose name is lost — unless it was Shedu as his father's — stands hehind, holding a- hird which he has knocked over with a throw-stick. The geiiett cats (?) hunting for
'niK 'I'OMl! ()!■■ SIIKUL'.
11
youiii:' liinls ainniiL;' tlio ix'L'ds uru u I'lU'ijurite' siiliject ill tliu l\'tli ami A'fli Dynast v. ]]cl(jw is a variety of fisli in tliu water, \vith the iuevitaljlo crocodile and lii|)})opotamiis.
PL XXIII. On the wall south of the door i> all the harvest and farm AVork. The wall is much destroyed hy the fall at the top, decay of the face, and two lari^'e recesses cut l)y the Copts. A good group of donkeys trcatling out the grain is left near the door, the harvest is seen at the other end, with a, row of large granaries in the hackground. (jroiips of cattle and slaughtering filled the lower part.
(18.) J'l. XXiV. The outer facade at the low level is much decayed and weathered by exposure, and the scenes arc only traceable in part. Besides that it is thickly encrusted with salt in much of the scul[)ture that remains. The usual iisii-speai'ing scene, Avitli two fish caught on a Ijidcut out of a pool fiefore the master, is given. In front of that is a, very un- usual sculpture, prol;ably uniipae, of a jiyraniid and temple before it, Avitli a man opening the door. Most unfortunately the decay prevents our knowing Avliose pyramid this Avas. Lastly, there arc servants Avith otf'erings at the base.
PL XXV. On the opposite half of the fac^ade the scenes are so greatly destroyed that it Avas useless to try to show their arrangement. One
line bears the funeral liarge with the coliin under a caiiopv, the l)oxes of funeral furniture before and liehind it, and a mourner seated at either end. Behind that is a procession of boats iloating down the stream, the men all holding their oars up, Avhicdi is a, position very unusual oi- iiukuown on sculptures ; the re- mainder of the boats are in less perfect condi- tion. At the base ol' the Avail are servants cooking the funeral feast. Parts of this loAver line are in perfect state, OAving to having been modelled in hard plaster instead of being cut in soft limestone. At each end of the recess of the facade are traces of a lart'e lii^ure of Shedu standinii'.
On the sides of the passage leading from the facade to the tomb above there are remains of long inscriptions. The upper jiart having been of built stone is all removed ; the lower part in rock is thickly encrusted Avith salt. There is shown here a small part of the north side of the passage, Avitli horizontal lines of titles of Shedu, etc. ; and a larger part of the .south side, Avitli vertical columns of inscription of the titles of Shedu. At the inner edge of this Avas a large figure of Shedu, and his sou Erdunefhotep, Avhom Ave saAV before in pi. xxii. For the dis- cussion of these and the other inscriptions see Chapter IX. l)y Mr. GillKth.
12
BESHARHRn.
CHAPTER IIT.
TOMBS OF NENKHEFTKA AND NENKHEFTEK.
(19.) \Xv hiUX' ;i1i'(';h1\- iKitcd, in (ho dis- cussion i if (l;itcs in the (ii-st cluiptoi', that tliese two men — father and son — were prohidjlv tlio grandsons or groatgrandsons ol' twn of the same naiufs known at Raejqara, ; and that their date is abont the latter half of the A-'th Dvnasty.
lli'.Ai) OF Nenkiiki'tka. .Stati.b a.
The actual I'eniains fmiid of tlicin at Desliasheh arc the ravaged tonih-plntforni imd empty tomb-well of the father, the stntues of father and S(in in the father's serdab, and the untouched grave of the son with inscribed coHiii and body complete. Perhai^s there was no real difference between the names, as in early times the sian of the two arms, In., interchanges with the basket /,•; bat for distinction we keep a diftcr- cncc in tiic spelling as the Egyptians did. That the figures were not really all of (juc person, with changes in spelling, is sho\vn by the seated tiguro written with lea being accompanied by the little Ijoy written with /■.
The tomb of Xenkheftka has been built upon
a, narrciw spur (if the plateau, fdling the whnle Avidth (if it. But the built mastaba and ils chainbers have been cntirelv remo\-('(l Inr tlu! sake of the stuue in early times ; and all that is left is a platform cut in the I'ock, with a few- long blocks of rough coai'se limestone left Iving al)out it, The Avholc was covered with chips and sand, so that it was indistinguishable from the rest of the hill-side. I iKiticed a bank of chips thrown out below, ])roving that some considerable W(.irk had been done here ; and on digging above we found the platform. This was cleared for several davs without linding anything, and my men being much discouraged would hardly continue. Lastly, in clearing the south-west corner of the platf(jrm a i)it was found 3S X 41 inches, and two or three feet down a, doorway led westward into the senhih chamber cut in the rock. This chamber is about S feet wide and IS long (DGX-ill inches), and the floor is of various levels .') to S feet under the roof. A recess a foot and a, hall' high opens iu the north wall.
(20.) The chamlier was half full of sand run in fr(»m the entrance. Lying half in the sand were the statues, some down in the lowest part, others on the higher place or bench at the end ; and in the i-ecess was the head of one of the large statues and fragments of the smaller. Pieces lay beneath the sand on the bench and about the chandler, and the completion of the smaller figures was obtained by searching all the chijjs and sand for 10 or L5 feet around the j^it on the outside jolatform. The whole of the figures that wei-e here can hardly be known, as of several there are but small [neces lelt, and others may have entirely disappeared. But the following are certnin, all of limestone : — •
TOMIJS OF NKNKFIKFTKA AND NENKllKFTEK.
Nenkheftka.
A. Statue, one foot broken,
B. Statue, one foot lost, other liroken.
C. Seated figure, with son by legs,
D. Pair in f N., one leg lost, one base, C W'ife, complete,
E. Group, N. and wife, shins lost,
F. Base of a gnnip of N. and wife,
G. Bits of inscription from Ijase of a group like E, .'j-
Nenkheftek.
life size (Cairo), pi. xxxii. 4, 5, 6.
„ (Brit. ]\Ius.), pi. XXX. 1, front ;
xxxii. 1, 2, 3. ,, (Cairo), pi. xxxii. 7, 8.
,, (Boston), pi. xxxi. 1,
,, pi. xxxiii. 29.
(I. Seated figure, one fore-arm lost, //. Seated cross-legged figure, body lost, c. „ „ ,, head lost,
il. Statue, only middle left, a Ijoy, c. Statue, i'rom insertion in gruup, ( Uncertain) — •
Arm and leg of cross-legged fi^Tiure,
Leg of seated figure,
Arm,
Seated cross-legged figure, head, shoulder, and knee lost,
(Chicago), (Chicago),
pi. xx'xi. "1 ; xxxiii. 2^
]j1. xxxiii. 27.
(Philadelphia), pi. xxx. 2, 3 ; xxxiii. 32.
(Liverpool), pi. xxxiii. 3L
(Brit. Mus.), pi. x.xxiii. 30.
(Boston)
1 (I '!
(Liverpdul)
(2L) The condition of the statues shows wilful injury in every case. Of A half the base
sepai'ately ; the head has been broken off, and part of till' neck is missing. The face and liead
St.vtue (A) <;i' Nenkiiei'tk.\.
is broken aAvay, the right foot remaining, and the toes of the left foot have been found
Head ov Nexkiikitk^. Statue li.
are quite perfect. Of B the wlujle base and feet are broken away, only the toes of the left
u
nESIlASllKK
foot liiivinii- lioen t'oiiud ; the liTt Imml i-^ lost, otlicrwiso in n-odd state A is a ci-oss-lcLi-^-ed and tlio iMu'lit ono dotacliod ; the head is i|uit(' (i^'iii-c, luil lias lu^l all (lie l)cid\- and head. c. is
porffct nut (U'tai
Si:vTKi) FiGuitu 1)1' Nknioiki'TKa. Fici'kk C
ill the deepest part, without any ln'csd^ai^v, the only injury heini;' two Mows on the [\\v(\ -wliieh have disfigured one side. It has on the left si(h' of the legs a small ligiirc of Xenkheftek, the son. D is a pair of figures <)[ the lather and Ins wife; they were originidly separate, and jire oi' ditfercut scales, the man heing \\)\ and the woman oidy 1 o inches high. To mute them the hnses have heen ti'iinincd d.iwn, and litfed into a. slab of limestone Avith nndercut recesses. Ijoth of the figures are of good work, es|jccially the Avoman's. E is a group of N. and his wife standing together, her right arm is across his hacdc, and her left hand on his ai'ni. The ex- ]iressioii is veiy natni-al and lile like. Ilalfol' the haso is lost; and holh 1) and \\ lia\-e heen !)roken into small pieces, which were scattered ahout the oliaiuhei', and on the platform out- side ; and parts of \\ luive heen hni'ut. F isoidy the inscribed base of a group, of alioTit the same size. Of G- only two bils of the inscription remain.
Of Xenkheftek the seated figure n has the left arm broken away, and head dcfachcd, bnt is
riie ligni'c (' was l\ing . a rallicr lessci' one, of wliicli the head is lost.
(/ is just (lie loAvcr iruid; and thighs nl'a Im]\-'s figure unclad, and must ha\'e accompanied fi good-si/e(I uiMiip of his jiarents. c is a small liguri' ol' a l>o\-, -with the head detached and the chest broken. TIk^ other fragments of four Hgui'es do not show whether they bidong to fatlier or son. d'here ai'e thus altogether seven- teen blocks of sculpt ui'e, com[)rising nineteen figures: of these seven are of Xenkheftka, two of Xefersesheiiis his wife, six of Xeid;heft(dv liis son. and four mideterinined. This is an unusual mnuber and \ariet\' to be found in i.mo si-rdtih. Tiie ai't of thi' largi'r figures is as good as any yet foinid : though there is not the elalKU'ation of iidaid eyes — as in llahotep andXefert — or the 'jeiirr (diaractei' of the scribe in the fjonyre, yet for life-like chai'acter and fidelity, with good anatomical detail, thei'e aiv not mon> than half- a-dozen figures to compare with (he large ones
here, even in the Cairo ^luscnm.
(22.) How it should come about that th
" ; NkN'KIIKM'KK IIKMIIR IHS I''aTII Kll. •'^ S P I IT K 0.]
chamber slirudd be raxage 1, the heads l)i'oken o|]', anil bodies scattered in (Vagments, and yet the two ];\r'j;o heads be sa\'ed absolutely ix'rlect, is ;t
TOMliS OF NKNKITRFTKA AXD N KNKIl KKTKK.
iiiystc'i'v. IIuw a, lu'iid slioiild li;i\-o IjCL'U picktMl ("ai- rroni tlic base. This sociiis as if the coffin up aiul hiid in tlie reecss, wilh<.iiit a. siii^^Ie l)i'uise luul ))fcu lowered with thi^ hudy in it, a tilt to or scrape, seems iinpossihlc^ in \iew (if the ,,\iv md haxiiii^- di-i\i'ii the liody into tliat violence. Happily these lincst nt the senlptures posit i^n. A strait, wrll-IVirnR^d, Imt plainly remain tn he a joy to us nuw. ' made hcad-ivst was set on end ni)on the breast.
The sepulchral pit wliich probably belonged j The sexu.al pa,rts Avei'c^ modelled in (doth ami to this mastaba. is bdiind the idatlorm, on the ' phiced in positi<in. The wlmlo body was fully edge of the hill. It was a wide and deep pit. wrapped nji in linen, and the skin and ligaments Half way down was a, secondary ))Urial of the were iirm and strong; there was no sign of cm- XVIIIth Dynasty, Avith two coffins of boards ' babning or inumnuhcation in this or other bodies side by side, containing some Phoenician (?) iu the cemetery, but oidy plain drying. A pottery and an alal)aster kohl-pot ; as well as calf's head lay face doAvn at the level of the several jars and pans of pottery by the coffins, coilin-top, in the Avell at the foot end ; the calf's At the l)ottom was the sepnlcln-al c]iand)er, ' ha-nncli hiy on the iloor of the well at the other
Head of Nenkheftka. .Statue B.
which had I)een completel}' rifled. The chamber opened out of the north of the well ; along the cast side was a, long trench or })it to hold the coHin, King N. and S. iVothing remained but bones of owls and bats, and sand and dust. The details of the st'coudary Imrials arc gi\-en in Cliaptrr Vr.
(23.) The gi'ave of the sen,— Nenkheftek— was found on the top of the hill. It was of a usual type, a long trench sunk through the gravels to aliout twelve or iifteen feet deep, Avith a recess on the Avest side to hold the coffin. Within lav the bodv on its back, head nortli, the head turned into the N.W. corner, and the feet
]IeAD of ]MEi\KIIEfTkA. StaTUR B.
end. The Collin was of stout planks, about two inches thick. The decoration Avas in black out- line tilled in with bine \y.\\\\\. (see pi. xxix.). A I)an(l of inscription I'an all round the outside near the to]), giving the titles of Neidcheftek snrnanied 'J'hv. On the left side, looking out to the well, Avei-e two eyes painted opposite the head. On the insidi! of the left side is a, long list of offerings ; on the inside at the head end is the list of seven sacred oils, at the foot end a door and facade. Tlie Avhole of it I copied in full-size draAving Avhen found ; the coilin Avas kept at the Cairo ^luseuni. On the inscriptions sec Mr. Griffith in Chapter TX.
IG
DESHASIlKll.
CH/VPTEE, TV.
TOMBS WITH PERFECT BODIES.
(24.) In order to compare the diflcrent modes of Ixirial with host ctrcct, we sliall liere classify the Imrials ami descrihc them in the
(nllowiiiL;- order : —
r>lII!IAl,S OK Pf.RFKCT BoDIKS.
A. lii Collins, full leii-th, 5, J!. 117, '21).
B. „ contracted, 88, llM), l-]8, I'A).
C. Ill solid hl..ck comn, 30, MSA.
D. Without cntliii, full length, 115, 111, 1 12,
IIS. Without coffin, full length, plundered, "JO, 28/), SI, 104, 114, 152.
E. AYithout coffin, contracted, 121, 122, 123,
124. V. Uncertain, 42, 43, 93, 05, HO, 100, 101, lo;'., 107, 110, 117/', 130, 130</, 140, 1 14.
Hriil.M.S OF BoDIF.S jroiJE OR LKSS CUT Ul".
(Detailed in next chapter.)
In all the fuHdwing descriptinus it is to he assumed tliiit the head is to X. and face upward, unless s]iecilied.
(25.) A. Iliiriiih full hnujili iu. cnflhtn. No. 5. ( 'liamher entrance hlocked with stones; a, jar and [inn X. of entrance ; colliii along W.
IM. XXVI. 2,8,12,23.
side of chamher, entrance E. Left hand at side, right on thigh.
Toinl) ahout 90, marked 11. (Vjffin alrcad}' plundered, head pulled oft", and clothing pulled partly out ; rude outline of eye on side ; rough solid hlock head-rest.
117. A^ery solid coffin, 90 X 28 X 27 high, with lid ; foiu' copper staples stand u}) in the axis of the lid, two at each end, Avhich have hold some ornaments (jackals?) that were re- moved hefore the interment. Inside was a large (piantity of clothing over the hody, rotted dark hrown and almost too tender to lift ; I noted a shawl of ahout 7ft. X 3ft., a mass of kilted stuff 8^ iTis. wide, two other pieces of kilted stuff, and eight or nine other articles. Under the head was a mass of clotliing li) X 12 X 4 ins. deep. The head faced E., the left arm straight, the right forc-ai'in across the hodv. Upon the neck was a string of heads of gold foil (pi. xxvi. 29, 30), with a- few carnelian, green jasper, and haematite (31), and a rude pendant o|' the infant Horns in haematite (32). The heads Avere spaced iipart in groups, with nl)oiit luilf nn inch of clear thread between them. On the wrists were striniis of anndets, and also of sm.all croon
"dazed stone
bead
r,
4. 10, 7, -'(I,
19.
r::a eyes right
„ left I land open \v\{.
Ihmd clenched I'ighi
left
/;/;////.
2 carnelian
grey agate
lihu'k haematite
2 carnelian ( 2 carnelian ( hrown limestone
carnelian
The list is as follows : —
Left. [• hrown and green limestone
grey agate
'Ju.Miis wi'i'ii i'i:i;i'i:u'r BOiMh:.^
ir
7. Standing iigui'c .
3, '21. Jvoyal lioi'net
1. Leopard's head
in. IIi|ip()potamus head
|
2r,. |
Double lion, foreparts |
|
|
15. |
Lion . |
|
|
1-^, |
2'^ |
Jackal's head |
|
11. |
Animal, legs tied |
|
|
25. |
Frog . |
|
|
5,9, |
LS. |
Long beads . |
|
27, |
28. |
Glazed stone small bea |
|
h'i,jl,l. |
Left. |
|
|
brown linu |
sbme |
|
|
black liine.s |
tone |
brown agate |
|
lazuli |
• • • ^ blue glaze potter\', broken up |
|
|
( black limestone cloudy aga,tc |
||
|
■ |
. |
carnelian ( carnelian ( lazuli |
|
bi'own limestone |
. |
|
|
. |
. |
carnelian |
|
( earnelian |
lazuli |
|
|
( lazuli |
||
|
43 smaller |
44 larii-er |
The right wrist was disturbed first; ;is the mass of decayed clothing reduced to broAvn dust Avas two or three inches deep, the positions of the amulets were disturbed before I observed them, for as nothing of the kind had been fmud before they could not be anticipated. The - other wj-ist was then very carefully disclosed, and the positions of the amulets noted as they had been set at intervals along a tln-ead which went tAvicc round the wrist.
The value of these little anudets lies in showing what such things were like in the Vth Dynasty. Hitherto nearly all that were known were of the XXVIth Dynasty, and a few of the XVlIltli and Xlltli Dynasties served only to show that the idea was ancient. But nou- we have a full variety belonging to the first civilization, and see that several types were then used Avhich disappeared later. The u::a eye diilers in i'urm, having two projections below, but not the rounded cheek piece. The clenched hand and open hand are rare later on, though the com- monest here. The hornet, leopard's head, and jackal's head are lud^uown later, and the others are of the less usual types. But the conunonest amulets of later times, — the heart, the scarab, fingers, feathers, crowns, head-rest, tat, uaz, sacred animals and gods, the srpiarc, ti'ianglc,
seal, i^-c. — all these are apparently unknown at this early period.
2!). Coffin lying tilted in a well, owing to the chamber being a mere recess, in which the feet could be pb^.ced, but not large enough to let the colli u Hat. The body was slipped doAvn to the lower end of the colIin, with the le"s doubled up kneeling. It seems, however, almost im- possil)lc that this position could have been due to mere accident in lowering the cotfin ; the rigour and stiffness of the corpse, and tight bandaging Avith linen, Avoidd make unlikely such a doubling of knees and hips beneath the mere Aveight. It seems rather as if this AA'ere a partly contracted burial like the folloAving.
(26.) B. Buvialti contracted in cnjjinti. 88. This is a contracted burial in a full-length coffin, the body not in contact Avith either end of the coHin ; the hi|)s, knees, and elboAvs bent, and left hand under the knee, the right before the knees ; the head turned round looking back- Avard, the body facing east. On the outside of the colKu an eye roughly painted, at the head end of the east or left side, so as to look out into the Avell. Clothing; Avas left in the sand filline;, and much clothing under and at the feet. A solid block head-rest A\-as outside the coffin at the feet. The tomb had been plundered
(J
18
nKSlIASUKIT.
anciently ; and a l)asket and pottery <^i' tlie XVlIlth Dynasty stood lialf'-way down the well (xxxiii. S).
The other three contracted Imrials Avcre in small coflins made to lit, nioasiii-ini;- inside, —
No. 120. No. M«. No. 150.
31 -f) X 20-3 ins. 25 x IS ins. 30 x IC ins.
120. Coflin made with uju'i^iit strips ai-dund the sides IT'l loni;-, and two tenons 3 to 0,1 ins. Avide, and 1 incli thiclc. I'.nd Mocks oftlielid Avere 2S-1 lon^u;, •!•() wide, 5-S dee]>, with snnlc curved groove to Iu)ld the lid-l)(iards. A liead- rcst Avas upri_nlit hehind the liead. The li()d\- (sec pi. XXXV.) was that oi' a larne iind xindroiis old man, "with ]'emai'I^al)]v ossified ]ar\iix ; it was contracted togetlna- as tightly as possihle.
148. Coffin Avith large old man, contracted as closely as possible.
150. Coffin Avitli Av^oman ; short l)i'0Avn ha'r ; collar-l)one broken and repaired in lite, la,])ped together. Body contracted closely ; not cut uj) at all. All these three had the head north, face east, lying on left side ; the sair.e as the j\Iednm position of contracted burial in the lA'th Dynasty.
(27.) C. Jlnriiil.s ill solid bloc].- rofliiix. 30. A solid trunk of sycamore, aborit 350 years old Avhcn cut d(jwn, Avas hollowed out by adze Avork to a fairly even thickness ol' sides, flat in and out. The tomb had been plundered through a hole in the Availing of the entrance only sufficient for a boy to pass. The skull lay outside the cothn, in N.E. corner. The coffin had two big stones in it at the head end, and a mass of bats' bones and liirds' eggs, showing that it had long stood open. The body, Avra])ped in linen clothes, Avas that of an old man. In chihlhood his left thigh had been broken, and Avas completely united in one mass, but two inches too short. A stick had therefore been carried to Avalk Avith, and this lay by the body. 14S6. Another block coffin contained a Avoman, fastened in place by some pitch poured over the body ; a
head-i'est Avith tinted stem beneath the head. On the outside an inscription roughly cut in outline Avith a knife (pi. xxxv.). ]\ruch cloth- ing Avas I'oinid \vitli this, desci'ibed in sect. 43, and llgured in [)1. xxxv. This coffin and body wei'e ke|>t in the. Cairo ]\luseum.
(28.) D. lliiriiils iritliuiit nijjl IIS, fall Icnijlli. 1 I 5. This Avas in a double interment, a cl\ild with the second teeth just coming, lying com- plete in front of a ])ody of an adult which Avas completely cut to ])ieces. 111. Body in wrap})ings of linen, i'ace downward, Avith right liand under })elvis. 112. BjikIn- of a. rather small (lid AVDinan Avith -whiti! hair, -with a jar at the head (pi. xxxiii. 12). lis. Budy slightly l)ent, on left side, face east; hands before face; veiy perfect ; cartilage gluey ; Avith a Avhitc skin, and black hair closely shaved. A shirt and cloth buried in the gravel. The skeleton Avas ke])t at Cairo, so Ave cannot uoav state the sex.
D. M'itlinitt <;i[]!ii, I, lit phimJercl. 20, 28//, show by legs and feet being in ]ilace that they Avere complete bodies. Si has the triudc draii'o'ed out iro)n a lon<j,' hollow in the ilooi', and still articulated ; this proves the plunder- ing to have been sikju after burial. Pottery (pi. xxxiii. 17, !!)). 104 contained a I'ced mat or long crate and foin- squai-e hampers of papyrus (pl.xxxiv. 12),Avith some rough early jars beneath them (pi. xxxiii. 22). Over them lay the body Avrapped in cloth ; it had probably been dragged over from the side of the chandler to search it. 114. Body of a I'emale, very Avell dried, skin and tendons preserved, large size : I'everscd, head south and I'eet out bv Avell, and ten inches higher than head, pi'obably dragged round by jdnndei'ers ; left hand before pelvis, right hand behind. 152. Body lying in avcU ; still flexible Avhen i)lnndered, shins and arms broken off, oidy thirteen A'ertebrae left.
(29.) h'. llnviiiU irilliiinl roljiii, cnidrartcd . These are all in one chanilier, 121-124 (see ])1. xxxv.). A man, head noi'th ; a boy, head east ;
TO.Mli.S WITH I'lClU'M'XU' IKJUIIOS.
19
a boy, Ik\'k1 north, witli a green ,i;l;i/.C(l pottery cylinder Avitli inipi'cssed pattern (pi. xxvi. o7, 38); and a body, neck north, bnt lieadlcss. From three oi" these being Avitli head north, and the fourth only turned to east for laek of room, it is clear that these belong to the contracted burials of the Old Ivingdom, and not to those of the New Race, which always have the head to south.
(30.) F. Jhiviiih of uiifc rill ill: frenlnii'iil. Many tombs Avere so much distur])e(l by plundering that it could not be said whether the bodies had been complete or dissevered. Of these the numbers are given in the list at the head of this chapter, and here we sliall only note those
that showed some detail. -12. Pottery ^lans and a copper pan : jars of pointed form ; leg of a calf; stem of a wooden head-rest. *J3. Rouch jars with caps of mud upon them (pi. xxxiii. lil), but containing only loose lumps of nuid. 1)1). Very open net-work stuff of linen: the " iishing-net " dress of Seneferu's rowing damsels (see sect. -lo). ]0o. A Avoodeii statue, considerably wt'athej'ed, lay iu the well.
117/'. Block of ^\'oo(len Ijoat, oS ins. loii"'. lay in tomi).
It is thus seeu that there is no special type of l)urial associated with the jjcrfect bodies, but they are found alike with coiliiis or without, full length or contracted.
C li
■20
i)i:.siiAsin:ii.
CT-TAPTEll Y.
TOMBS WITH DISSEVERED BODIES.
(31.) Tliesc toiiilis \vc fiTOTip lioro in classes, as in tlie previons cliapter, in orucr that tlio comparisons may 1)C more I'cadilv made.
M. Portions dissevertd, TIT,, 22, 28, M.'i, 01.
N. IMostly dissevei-ed, 21, 27.
0. Completely dissevered, rccompnsod foi-
l)urial, 2.^, 11;;, 11.^), 7S, M2. P. Comi)let('ly dissevered, l)Ui'ied irregularly,
20, 31, !)1, 1. Uncertain, 1 !t.
i\l. lldiJics /rilli jiiirti<i)is iJ/ss-i'reri'iL 110. Tlu' tond.) (>r ]\Ici-a was one ul' tlie very I'ew wliirli contained any inscrijition. The coiiiii Avas badly made of very in't'i^nlar jiicces of -wdod, with hollows stufied with rao:, and the whole plastered over. The inscriptions are in blue upon it, and arc jjiven on pi. xxviii. Mera Avas a priestess of Hathor, with the unusual title " royal noblewoman." Some oflerini^s upon tables are roughly drawn on the inner side of the coflin ; at the head are figured the vases of the seven sacred oils ; at the feet are four granai'ies with the names and amounts of corn written upon them, five withdi'awing places are shown, and a fifth name is written on the fourth granary. Just above the head was a solid block licnd-rcst (pi. xxxiv. -I), painted and gi-ainc^d, and with a line of inscription of name and titles written upon it. The imusual painted l)oard (pi. xxvii.) stood upi-ight on edge l)y the coflin, leaning against it, and Avith a string still in place by which it liad been liuiig up. This painted board, with figures of servants preparing the food, and of boats, seems to be a substitute for the wooden models of the same subjects
wliicli are so often fnuud in tonThs of this age. The inscription on it is important, as giving the early form of the name of Memphis, mrv, jiyramid determinative, and vcfcr. Two pairs of sandals Avere found (pi. xxxiv. 5, 0), models made in Avood. A ])air in the coffin Averc painted Avliite and had a back strap ; a larger pair outside the foot of the coffin had no back sti'aps.
Tlie position of the body Avas A'cry strange (see pi. xxx\-.). Tiic head fared Avest, the cliest Avas dowiiAvards, ili<' Idt hunnriis out of place across tlu! l)od\', but tlic bladc-lioiic in ])lace unmoNcd, tlic radius and ulna Avere h(.)wever in ]»lace straight down as if the liumerus Avas in position. The thighs Averc crossed, front down, and the shins turned up at right angles Avith the feet pressed against the cofiin-lid. The body Avas dried, and skiuAvas stiff on the joints. Tlie posture is most strange, and looks as if it had been turned over Avhile still fresh l)y laying hold of the feet ; and as the lid Avas shifted five inches south, no fastening pins in place, it might seem as if it had been plundered. But, on the other hand, a complete and unbroken cloth lay spread completely over the body, and if plunderers had attacked it, they Avould hardly have spread a cloth over it so carefully, Avliilc tlicy left the feet sticking up in the: air. It is a strange case, but seems as if the humerus had bean dissevered at the burial.
22. Body in a finely made; Avoodcn coffin, in chamber quite intact, at bottom of a deep well. The Avood Avas much rotted oAviug to the amount of air and the damp, and the sides had collapsed and the lid fallen on the body. I Avas the only
'i'o.\]i;s wri'lt Dr>si':vi';i;i;i) hodh^.s.
21
person ^\■Ilu cutercil fhu tuiiili. and I clearod it (juitc alone, so that every point was ascrrtained. Position of body was normal, on l)ark, liead north (sec ph xxxv.). 'L'hc nnkle-honos lay inider one thiiili, and hetween the shins ; one knee-cap at the liip, and one at tlie lower end of the shin ; a, few toes and one aid<le-l>one remained loose at tlie foot end, luit nothing joined to the shins ; tlie k'ft arm was hent nji at the elhow, hnt the hand was cnt of!' and lay under the elbow. It is elear, then, that hands, feet, and knee-caps Averc cut ott". A head rest lay under the left thigh, which bone Avas broken across -it l)y the fall of the lid. Within the coffin there were no ornaments, but scattered in the small rock-chips beneath it Avere two or three dozen pendants and beads of Hazed pottery (pi. xxvi.), together Avitli scraps of thin gold leaf. And in the Avell just at the level of the top of the doorway (Avliich Avas til'ed intact Avith stone blocks) a necklace of such pendants and beads threaded together had l)een dropped dovm. This is the first time such beads have been actually found, though they are knoAvn avcU enough figured on statues of the Old Kingdom. Half of a hand-made pointed pot lay in the chanilier.
"2S. This Avas also a perfectly intact tomb, Avitli entrance passage filled in Avith large blocks. In a hollow in the fioor Avas a Avooden coffin, nuich rotted, and a man's body in it at length. Tosition normal. The body Avas com- pletely Avrapped up in linen. On opening the Avrappings, from the head doAvn, nothing seemed out of place until the hands Avere fonnd cut off and laid on the chest ; the knee-caps lay loAver doAvn on the body, and the feet lay on the stomach. The arms and legs Avere straight doAvn, and Avithout any trace of Avrists or ankle- bones upon them. In the chandjer a door led to an inner chand)er Avdth a body more cut up, described in the next section, tomb 27.
143. This tomb contained a fine coffin, Avith massive corner-posts, connecting bars top and
l)ottom, and A'ertical slips of wood aronnd the outside, Avitli a, lining of horizontal i)]anks insi(k'. The wliole Avas full of sand, and there was no lid ; so it Avas probal)ly plundered. The upper part ol' the body lay however on the bark, a[i|>arently undisturbed, and the right arin and liaud were in complete articulation, but l)oth humeri AA'erc Jar out of the joints ; a]iparei:tly the arms had l)eL'n cut out at the siioulder blades, and laid liy the sides of the bodv, Avhich Avas that of a larii-e man.
Gl. This tomb Avas opened, and the body somcAvhat disturbed. But the hands were not on the arms, nor the feet on the leirs. One Ic"' Avas drawn up higher than the other. The pelvis Avas back up. The body Avas that of a Avoman of about tAventy-five, poAverful, but slender.
(32.) N. Hoilic.s mainlij dissci:ercd. 21. Collin Avith thick square ends to the lid, but all rotted and fallen in. Head facing east (see pi. XXXV.), body on front, pelvis back uj), toes to east. The skull had five vertebrae attached, and below that no others near them, as they |)ointed aAvay to the Avest. One collar-bone AA^as at the le\-el of the elboAvs. The right arm Avas sti'aight doAvn, tlie left bent under the body, the hands and feet in place. Two loose A'crtebrao lay above the head ; three blocks of five middle vertebrae, five loAver vertebrae, and two high vetebrac lay by the pelvis. Here it seems that legs and arms Averc perfect, but the spine Avas cut u[) in pieces, and the ribs all loose.
27. In the inner rock clnunber, beyond No. 28, lay another coffin in a holloAV in the fioor. Hie body Avrapped in linen, Avas that of a Avoman, position normal. The ulna of each arm Avas removed from the radius, and placed along- side of the humerus, the left one inverted. No hands Avere left on the arms. The spine Avas cut aAvay and inverted, and the ribs all loose. The thighs Averi; in joint Avitli the pelvis. The left foot and knee-cap Avere in the pelvis, only tAvo heel-bones being left on the shin. The toes
DKSIlASlIKiT.
of ttic ri^ilit foot wci'O gone. Hero mucli dis- scvcring is certain, and it may he tliat more lind been done and reconstituted again, as this -was the first dissevered body that I found in a tomb, and I was not prepared to notice recou- stitution at tlie time. Prolialily the arms Avere completely ]>icked to pieces, and the uliin nn^ by nn'stake witli Uio hunieriis instead of Avitli the radius.
(33.) 0. Itodies rniDjilrlcJi/ tli.^fscrcred nml rcronfii'ttulcd. 23, This was a, fine intact tomb, with more objects than any otlicr. The cnilin was well made, Avitli massive ends to the lid. At the back and foot of it lav six IjowIs and two broken up stands ; one bowl cniitaincd white l)aint, and annther black jiaint (set' sect. 4(!, pi. xxxiii. 1-7). Tu the coffin a. head-rest lav near the head end, nine inches above the head, Avhich Avas almnt a fiot short of the collin end. The body of a woman lav on its left side, back against the west side and facing east. On opening tlie wrap])ings, Avhich seemed as if tliey covered a ])erfect body, four vertebrae Avere attached to the skull. Then a plug of rolled cloth four inches long made up the neck. A low vertebrae lay before the neck. The middle vertebi'ao were inverted in position. v\n ankl(>- bone Avas by the breast, a knee-cap mnler the shonldei', toe-bones by the collar-bones, and two neck vertebi-ae lower doAvn. The I'ibs Avei-e all in a jumlile Avith loose verte- brae in the l>ody. The arm-bones Avere all in joint and attached to the shoiildeis, bnt the hands Avere cut ofl' and laid on the foi-e-arms. No vertebrae Avere together except the foni- on the skull, and the ])elvis Avas divided and the three bones laid toijetlicr a^•aiu. The thi"hs Avcre three inches out of the sockets. I'^acli leo- Avas Avrappecl round sepa,rately in a, thick mass of linen. The right shin Avas turned edge down, Avhile the thigh Avas on its side; the left knee Avas in joint. There Avas no trace of ankles or feet on the shins, bnt three inches to s])are empty at the end of the cotfin. Here Ave see a
complete cutting up of the Avhole trunk, hands and feet, Avhile the liinl)s do not seem to have been so thoroughly separated.
II.". A long trench pit, Avith a long recess chamber Avest oC it. 'I'lie body of a slight man of about tliirt\- la\' Avirh the head to south, at full li'iigth. It Avas ipiite undisturbed, in pei'fect Avrap})ings <jf linen. Xo vertebrae Avere near the head, but they Avere lying confused and out of order, tnrne(l sidcAvays. The ribs Avere not attached, but Avere arranged neatly in a svm- metrical group a^tart ; the top rib Avas in the pelvis. The collar-bones, blade-bones, and arm- bones Avere in order, except that the radius in each Avas iiiA'erted by the ulna, shoAving that the arms had been completely i)icked to jneces. The hands Avere taken otf, and the end of the radius rested in the palm of each. The pelvis Avas parted in three, but the thighs Avere still in the sockets. Legs Avcrc each SAvathed separately, and then sAvathed together. The right leg had the splint-bone parted from the shin and A\'raj)ped in cloth bel'ore binding it on again ; all the ankle-bones Avere each wrapped in cloth, and then recomposed as a foot, but out of order, Avithout any toes. The left leg apjioarcd similar, but Avas kept in its Avi'ap})ings as an exam})le, and is noAv pi'eserved in University Colleg(>. Here the Avhole body appears to have been completclv dissevered, and then reconsti- tuted so far as the long bones, but Avithout knoAAdedge of the exact order ; the smaller bones Avere left anyhoAv, the Avrapping up of them being the main point of att(>ntion.
I 1.5. We have already noticed in the previous chapter the perfect body of a child found in this tond). AVith it Avas a comjdetely dissevered body of a inan (sei^ \)\. xxxv.), covered Avith linen cloth rpiite inta(;t. Within the SAA-athings of linen the skull lay base up, facing the feet; thc! tAVo 1)la(le-bones Avere together, Avitli their edges in thc curve of the loAver jaAV. A length of tive A'ertelu'ae lay beside the skull. The arms \wvv placed parallel and slightly bent, but they
'I'd^nis WITH DissMVKiiJon isodiios.
23
were not joined to tlic hladc's ; there wove no hands on them ; and in tlie rii;ht arm tlie nliia. was reversed, in tlie lel't arm the radius, proving- that they had been completely picked to pieces. Tlie l)reast-bone and top vertebra were by tlic pelvis. Tlie riljs, ^■ertebrac, and fingers were mixed together, pell mell ; only three pairs of vertebrae Avere joined, tlie rest rouglily in the line of the spine. The pehis was completely disjointed, the saci'um lying flat betsvecn the hips. One thigh was in the socket, the other far out. Ankle and toe bones of both feet were mixed together between the thighs, about a quarter of the Avay from the head end. The two shin-bones and one splint were closely wrapped together \vith cloth around the lower ends ; the other s[dint was l)y the thighs. Of the fingers and toes some were between the thighs, some in the bod)', some Ijy the knee. Here the body seems to have been cut np thoroughly, only a fcAV vertebrae being left together.
78. A trench tomli, Avith a long recess for the body. It had been opened by plunderers, l)ut the body Avas still in its linen Avrappings. The body lay on edge, facing the Avest. Beneath the Avrappings an ankle-bone Avas on the breast. The left arm Avas bent back, Avith liand over the shoulder. The right humerus Avas in place under tlie body. The thighs Avcre excised from the pelvis, and Avrapped up in one roll Avith the shins and right forearm, Avithont any hand. The knee-caps were adhering to the shins ; but the splints Avere removed, and only one Avas found. Two toe-bones Avere found, but no feet.
142. A tomb in the side of the hill beloAv Anta's tomb. The door leads to the foot end of a long recess just the size for the graA'e, lined Avith slabs of finer stone. It had been opened by plunderers. But the bones, though a|)i>i-oxi- mately in jilace, Avere all disjointed; the shins Avere almost np to the place of the thighs, and the ankle-bones about the body. If disturl)ed
by jilunderors, they Avould have dragged out part ol' the body, or have much misplaced some large bones. The approximate position and disjointing of all the bones point to original dissevering at burial.
(34.) W Jiodin^ complclrJi/ di^.-icnered, and biirird Irrcijuldvlij. 2G. A shallow ])it about 50 ins. sipiare and 10 deep, had a, trench across the bottom of it 50 N. to S., 20 E. to W., covered Avith three big stones. In this trench lay leg-bones, arm, fingers, blade-bone, two vertebrae, and a bit of the face. Here only a part of the ])ody has been preserved, and yet carel'idlv buried.
?>l. An open trench Avith loose bones at the bottom of it ; they AVere much rotted, and Averc not preserved. There Avas no order noticeable in them, but cloth Avas in the grave. The pelvis Avas divided.
'J-l. A rock chaml)er Avitli some small jars up- right in the corners, of the Okl Kingdom type. A man's l)Oues Avere lying confusedly, two skulls of Ijoys in a corner, and bones of a boy Avrapped ill cloth.
1. A natural Avater-Avorn fissure, 9-12 inches Avide, in the surface of the rock, had been cleared out (see pi. XXXV.), and in thisAvere placed, side by side, thighs, shins, sjilint-bones, and arm- bones all together. The jielvis Avas entire, back up, Avith four vertebrae attached, but the outer edges of the l)asin broken oft". The balls of both humeri Avere gone, having been battered oft" by blows from an instrument half an inch Avide. One shin, below all, had both ends broken oft". The blade-bones Avere together Avith a fcAV loose verteln-ae, and the head Avas at one end of the fissure, with the upper t>v-o vertebrae attached. Tliei'e Avere missing ten A'ertel)rae, jaw, fingers, and toes. All the ribs AVere broken, mostly at both ends. This is tlu^ rudest kind of burial yet found; and the ty[)e of the skull is the lowest, in prognathism, slant of tlie teeth, and retreating forehea-d (st'e ])1. xxxvi., at liase).
Uiu'crtain. 10. A burial had been entirely
21
DKSIIASllKir.
(lirust ixAdv uii tin' occasion u[' :\ h'lunaii ri'-usc of u toinl). It was ol' a man alidiit iliirly. Tlioii_i:li ciiK' a i'rw l)oncs coulil lie rofuvcrcil, it was certiiiu that it hail ln't'ii a lai-Lidv dissevered l)ody, wrapped in cloth, as the mark of clotli remained all over the iiisiile of tin: socket in the pelvis.
(35.) Having' now described the actual hurials we can take ;i more general \iew ol' the relation of the treatment oi' the hody to the luirial custiim.
|
AVith Collin A\'it]iout cotlin |
JJoilics. 12 10 7 |
]!uilii'.«. 7 G |
|
AVitli head-rest |
o |
|
|
"With pottery |
•] |
.'■) |
|
In rock chaiidiers In recess i^'raves |
11 4 |
8 |
Contracted position S 0
Here it is clear that the nse of coHins or open burial is in just the same in'oj)ortion with
peiTecl as \\ilii (lisse\-ered hudiis: that the use of rock chandjiTs with sipiare ])it, or recessc^ in a Ioul;' pit, is also just the same. Tliei'e is no diU'erence therefore in the ;^'rave. As to the fiuicrallurnitui'e, the pottery is twice as common with dissevered ;is with peifect l)odios, while the licad-vost is only half as connnon. Ami as to attitude, all (if tht; contracted Ixidits Avere pei'fect. < U' the ])ottery a)id head-rest tlierc an' hardK' enuuiih examples fir us to Ix; coi'tain (if an ini[)iirtaiit diti'urenco ; they certainly arc nut peculiar tn eitlun- trc-atment of the bodv, and var\inL;' in opposite dii'ections they do not indicate any distinct difTercnce of ideas.
The p;encral cdnclusidns IVdUi the details of burial are, then, tliat there was no diU'erence of outward customs, position in life, or A'iew of propriety, between the families who kept np perfect burial and those who dissevered the body. The disseverance must liave been a pi'ivatc family custom, wliich did not influence tlie jinblic arr.in^'ements or make any bar visilile in social life. There Avas then fusion and nnilication of society, and })resiunably of race, Avhile difl'erenccs of custom yet remained as the })rivate traditions of the fanulies.
CHAPTER Yl.
MEASUREMENTS OF THE SKELETONS.
(36.) For tliL' I'xainiiiatiuu uf the skflctDUs, L'acli Avas raiX'Tully cullccti'd, all tlic bimos inai-ked, and incasureiiu'iits luado in Euiiland. There ■were altogether twelve male and IVmr female bodies ])erfect, eleveJi male and one female of uncertain burial, and eiuiit male and iiv(! female bodies dissevered. Besides these, nine skeletons were kept back at the Cairo museum, for the measurements of Avhich Ave lunst wait : fortunately the box detained did not contain any dissevered bodies, Avhich are the smaller class ; so our loss of the in- formation only impairs the better known data.
First Ave shall deal with the skulls, and of these only the male skulls, for the sake of com- parison. Tlic determination of sex Avas not only by means of the skull, but mainly by
tint j)L'l\is. The measurements are all in millimetres, and the mean is stated by the median point, as in a small amoiuit of material that avoids the disturl)ance caused by any widely A^arying examples.
The points measured are as usually fixed. The measurement between the eyes is taken just above the suture, and fairly into the socket. The direct chord length of the frontal bone is from suture to suture, nasiou to bregma ; that of the medial suture is from bregma to lambda. The object of this Avas to shoAv if the frontal bone Avas pushed forward by extension of the })arietal, or if both grew together in length. Vov tln^ measurements of the i\Iedum skulls and skeletons, now in the College of Surgeons, London, I have to thank Dr. Carson, Avho fully measured them.
(37.) ]\Iai,e skulls only, in JMilli.metuks
|
IV-lfcct. |
Cut up. |
.Ar,:,Uuu IV. |
MeduiiiXXU. |
Egyiitian. |
Nuw Kace. |
Algerian |
|
|
Length (liroca) |
188 |
185-5 |
1S2-5 |
182-5 |
— ■ |
182-2 |
|
|
„ (Flower) |
LS4-5 |
iso- |
— |
— ■ |
182 |
183-5 |
— |
|
Breadth max. |
13!)-5 |
141-5 |
138-8 |
13IJ-1 |
140 |
134-G |
137-5 |
|
Biauricular |
I -J 2 |
llG-5 |
1 1 8-0 |
117-0 |
— |
118-5 |
|
|
Height |
13 'J -5 |
136-5 |
134-7 |
128-8 |
132 |
134 |
|
|
Basi-nasal |
103 |
lUO-8 |
lui-u |
U7-5 |
100-5 |
||
|
Basi-alveolar |
UG |
'J 3 |
U7-G |
01-4 |
!JG-5 |
. |
|
|
Nasal height |
54 |
51 |
51-5 |
50-1 |
53 |
4G-8 |
50 |
|
,, Avidth |
25-5 |
24 |
24-8 |
24-0 |
25 |
25-t) |
|
|
Orbital height |
33-5 |
32 |
32-8 |
33-5 |
33-8 |
32-G |
33-2 |
|
„ Avidth |
41-8 |
31) |
37-i) |
38-2 |
3U-5 |
38-4 |
3D-8 |
|
Between eyes |
L'4-5 |
24. |
|||||
|
Frontal length |
llG-8 |
113-5 |
|||||
|
IMedial suture |
122-5 |
118 |
Examples 10 to 12 7 to 8
'>4
15
50 to 80
20
DKSITASIIKII.
Iloro -we Imvo added tlic ineasuroiiuMits of tlio Mcdmn skidl-i nf tlic IN'lIi Dviiasty, those of the XXriiid Dviiastv, tlio avcraiz-o of all other Eii'vptian in the ("olloii-e of Surircons, the XcAV Ilace, and tlie Algerian dolmen bnilder?:.
Coni])arini;- tlie jicrrcct and dissevered bndics. wc see that the perfect have a slight advantage in everv dimension, excepting the maximnm breadth; hnt tliev have mnre advantages in the l)iauricidar hi-eadth than in anv other dimen- sion. Xow this me;uis that the t\-pes of the skidls are practical! v the same, excepting that the ini'ft'ct l>(i(lies Avci'e decidi'dlv snjierior in the inherited featnre of the base of the sknll, and so did not need so niucli of the iinliv idual growtli of the parietals to enclose the bi'ain. Tn short, the stock i^s the same in both perfect and cut-iip bodies; but the perfect liodies were better nourished and superior in ancestrv, and so starting fi'om a liner basis thev did not need so much indi\idnal gi-owth. The cut-up bodies had ,1 poorer ancestrv, and reipiii'cd more personal skuU-gro^vth to make up i'>>r that. Tins is analagous to tlio Cambridge i-esult, that men who afterwards take honours beii'in with a
ages as here tabulated, avc see the following results : —
1. The :\b.dnm skidls of TVth and XXTTnd Dynasty are almost identical in the larger dimensions: but in later times the height and the facial parts liavu shrunk three or four per cent., while the eye has slightlv enlarged, and the ])rofile become more markedly ortho- gnathous,
2. Cin comparing the skulls from Deshasheh in X\h l)\-nastv with ^reilnm earl\- and late, we, see tliat the earl\' ^^^.'dum ai'e more bke the late ]\rediim tlian like tlu^ I'arlv Deshasheh in most dimensions, as length, breadth, height, basi- nasal, and e\'e ^vidlh. In fact, oODI.) \'ears in one localitv makes less (Unerence than thirty- five miles of distanee.
.">. The genei'al average l^g\-ptian skulls from all places and times, as ])reser\'ed in tlie C'oHegct of iSurgeons, falls between the variations of classes at Deshasheh and i\leduin in all dimen- sions, except a slight excess in orbital height. Hence this jMcdum-Deshasheh tvpe is to be taken as the general Egvptian tvpe, and not a, IocmI varietv.
(38.) V\C may next turn to the pro])ortions
better skull tliaii jiassmen, but grow le-s actively of the sknll, instead of the absolute dimensions ;
comparing them by the indices, or ratios l>etween
during their coUegedife.
Comparing the skulls of various localities and
parts.
Male skulls; [.Ninri'S (Broca's leugth)
|
I'oifect. |
Cut up. |
M |
nluni IV. |
]\rc.lum XXTr. |
K^'vptiau. |
Xew K;h;.'. |
AlLjoriati |
||
|
Breadth |
7-1-2 |
/ t) o |
7r.-n |
7(i-2 |
7.V4(y) |
7 I -SCO |
75-3 |
||
|
Biauricular |
(i.')-0 |
02-9 |
ni-c |
(ii-O |
03-3 (?) |
||||
|
Height |
71-2 |
73-2 |
73-8 |
70-5 |
71-8(?) |
71-7 |
|||
|
Nasal |
47 |
47 |
48 |
48 |
49 |
Early Lnto. '),") to .").') |
|||
|
Oi'bital |
80 |
82 |
87 |
88 |
8r. |
s;; to SI) |
S;', |
||
|
Alveolar |
93 |
93 |
9G |
94 |
95 |
!)(•> to !)3 |
9G |
The differences between the pi'rfecl. aii<l cut- ' dimensions, was due to the iierfcet bodies h.aviiu'-
lip bodies are here maiidy in the gi-eater liasal ; a, superior start and then needing less indi\idMal
breadth and less parietal Invudtli of (lie skulls growth .-inei-wai'ds. In Iiiv;idih (he Deshasheh
of perfect bodies. This, as -we jiuli<'ed in tiu; and .Alednm skulls agree closely to the average
]\nOASUl!KMl';NT8 OF TIIK SKIOLETONS.
27
Egyptian of vai-ioiis places and dates, 1)nt the New K,ace skulls dill'cr ,iireatly (Vom this typ(\ The query only refers to a small uncertainty dne to converting from Flower's leno'th to Broca"s In. the nasal index tliere is also a great dift'erence between all tliese Egyptian sknlls and those of tlic New Race. Tlie ]\Iediini tvpe of more circular orbits is very marked in comparison Avith the Deshaslieli, and agrees more to the Egy2)tian ; and the same is the case ol' the alveolar index, or prognathism.
The general conclusion tlieu is tliat the Deshaslieh people, Avliether they kept up cus- toms of burying perfect or of stripi)ing tlie bones, were a unified population as regaixls race and ancestry ; and this accords with Avliat Ave concbuled from the modes of burial in liotli classes. The proportions accord in the inain points Avitli the average Egyptian type, Avluch is largely dnnvn i'rom later skulls and fn-ui Upper Egypt. And avc certainly have not to
do liei-e Avitli any strange cnstoms imported Ijy recentls'-arrived tril)es from other regions. They accord fai' more Avith the Egyptian than tliey do Avitli the New Itace cousins of the Egyptians.
(39.) Next we turn to the comparisons of the skeletons Avhich I liave excavated and l)rought to London from j\lednm (early IVth Dynasty), Desliasheh (Vtli Dynasty), and the Ne.Av Kace at Na.pida (Ist-lllrd, or else Vllth- LXth Dynasty). ()f these the Medum bones (uoAv in the Cohege of Snrgeons) Averc measured by Dr. Garson, Avho has kindly placed his measui'es at my disposal ; the NeAv llacc Iwnes (still stored at University (.*(illege) Aveix; measured by ]\Ir. AVarrcn, Avho has also given me the use of liis results ; and the Desliasheh bones (now at t'ambridge) Avcre mea -.ured by myself. "a.A-."isthe a-A'erage variation i'rom the mean. AVe iirst deal Avith the al.isolute dimensions, of male bodies.
]\IiLLiArETi;ES. Malks.
|
McJuni. |
D.'s |
liislicli. |
New Riico, |
||||
|
lYtli I)y |
iiiisly. a.v. |
I'c.f |
JCt. a.v. |
Cut |
up. .■i.v. |
jS'acjiida. |
|
|
Femiu" max. |
442 |
18 |
4G2 |
24 |
452 |
12 |
451) |
|
„ obli(pie |
4-):) |
24 |
441J |
14 |
45(; |
||
|
Tibia max. |
370 |
]'.) |
3,S4 |
''2 |
3S5 |
15 |
3SU |
|
,, planes |
. < • |
33 y |
-J -1 |
3 GO |
IG |
||
|
,, lower tip |
373 |
22 |
374 |
IG |
3G5 |
||
|
Fibula |
302 |
IG |
355 |
11 |
370 |
14 |
374 |
|
Humerus max. |
3U(i |
]S |
323 |
15 |
315 |
U |
32G |
|
,, obliipie |
320 |
15 |
310 |
11 |
322 |
||
|
Radius max. |
241 |
14 |
241) |
15 |
248 |
10 |
258 |
|
„ axial |
234 |
15 |
233 |
10 |
243 |
||
|
Ulna max. |
2 GO |
14 |
270 |
IG |
2G7 |
10 |
27G |
|
,, axial |
2G2 |
17 |
2G3 |
10 |
270 |
||
|
Clavicle |
145 |
11 |
151 |
10 |
15l> |
5 |
152 |
|
Sacrum chord |
W2 |
,') |
lOS |
O |
1 03 |
9 |
97-45 |
|
„ Avidth |
lUT |
• > |
115 |
^) |
108 |
3 |
110-03 |
|
Scapula height |
150 |
IJ |
1 48 |
8 |
|||
|
„ Avidth |
107 |
11 |
104 |
4 |
|||
|
„ infraspinous |
112 |
17 |
112 |
!j |
2S
i)r:siiAsiii':ii.
C'oiii[);iriiin- tln' priTccL and ciit-iii) liodits, wo '. Inrc-anii. And the ciil-iip liudics Iiavi! Uw. see that tlic perfcet liodics ai-e Imiiicr in llio sacrnni as small as the Mcdninis. Tn sliort,
fcinur and liunierus, Avliilo they arc the same in t\u' tibia and radins : thcv ^\'o^(' thus snpcrior
the l\rrilnni men were smaller alto<>;ethcr tl
lan
the I)
csnasuen
men hy almut tlirec or lour
in the upper lialf of eacli lind), l)ut siniihir in ' per cent.
the lower lialf. The saei'nm is also lar^^'er in ' The New Itacc peo])le seem to liave l)een,- on
the perfect bodies, and the scapula a little the other hand, taller than the Deshashis, and
larger. | especially lonu-er in the tibia and radius; they
Comparing the Deshasheh and the ^ledum wei-e larger in the lower half df eai-h limb.
skeletons, Ave see that the Deshashehis an' i Compai'ing now the male and female skeletons
superior to the Medumis in tlie leg and nppei- of the jicrfect and cnt-u]) bodies, avc see
ann l)y about 15, but almost the same in the i instructive dillereuces.
!ftrii,r,iMETitr;s.
|
:\Ii |
1(; prrffct. i' |
■male; jii'iTrct. |
i\l,ili.- cut 11 |
!'• |
.I'duali! cut up. |
|||
|
l'\'nuir max. |
4(i2 |
425 |
452 |
408 |
||||
|
Tibia planes |
3S.t |
O O i) |
385 |
318 |
||||
|
Humerus max. |
1 oo |
2!) 8 |
315 |
285 |
||||
|
liadius axial |
2:u |
222 |
211 |
|||||
|
Sum of limbs |
-1103 |
1277 |
— |
-1385 |
11 |
|||
|
Ulna axial |
2(i2 |
250 |
2r)3 |
23G |
||||
|
Clavicle |
J.-.1 |
135 |
152 |
13G |
||||
|
Sacrum cliDi-d |
los |
93 |
103 |
94 |
||||
|
„ width |
115 |
107 |
108 |
109 |
Adding together the tirst four bones as a general limb-value, the diffd'ence in jierfect males and females is 12(1, or the ratio 10:9; wdiile the ditl'erence in cut-up bodies is lt;3, or the ratio 8 : 7. So the female was smaller in ])roportion to the male among the cut-up bodies.
Comparing the perfect Avith the cut-uj) liodies, the perfect males have longer upper boncis in legs and arms than the cut-up, but eipial lower bones (fore-arm and shin). The perfect females have longer limbs than the cut-u|), beyond the proportion seen in the men, but an aljsolutely smaller chest and saci'um. In short, the perfect females are taller and slightlv slendei'er than the cut-up females.
Comparing males and females, the perfect females are shortest in the legs, especially in
th(! lower leg, but more nearly erpial to men in the arm : so they were probabl\' nearly equal in the body, but short in standing, owing to shorter legs. The cut-up females are shorter than the men all over, especially in the lower half of legs and arms : but they have an absolutely wider sacrum.
The ])icture we gain is that of the females being more iid'erior in the cut-up than in the perfect group ; and the cut-up typo l)eing Avider and stouter Iniilt, Avhile the perfect Avere taller and slenderer. These differences Avould easily agree to a loAver and higher class of society, which might yet be cipial in ancestry.
(40.) isText Avc may compare the propor- tions ul' the bones according to the usual ratios.
|
MKA |
SUREMKNTS OK |
'I'lll'^ SKK\A |
ri'ONS. |
|
|
Indices. Malitk. |
^leiluin IV. |
To I feet. |
Gut up. |
New Race |
|
Intermcrabral |
G75 (?) |
079 |
077 |
088 |
|
Tibio-femoral |
7.-7 (?) |
789 |
788 |
801 |
|
Humero-femoral |
091 (?) |
G97 |
091 |
707 |
|
Radio-luuiR'i-al |
785 |
770 |
783 |
787 |
|
liadio-crural |
288 (?) |
289 |
292 |
290 |
|
Humero-crural |
387 (?) |
391 |
380 |
392 |
|
Clavicci-lmineral |
4(i3 |
470 |
481 |
4GG |
|
Sacral |
]().■. |
lOG |
104 |
115 |
|
Scapular |
724 |
704 |
059 |
|
|
Infra-spinous |
9G0 |
970 |
894 |
29
Those ratios queried iu the ^ledum columu are slightly uncertain, owing to the ]\[cduiii measurements being to points dilFercnt from tlie Deshasheh measurements, and so having an allowance for this difference. The results of comparison seem on the whole to be more in- telligible on the aljsolute measurements, already studied in the previous section, as there Ave have seen which l)onc it is that varies ))etween one and another class.
(41.) Beside tlic skeletons of the Vth Dynasty, a much larger amomit of material was collected of the Roman aire. Here Ave shall but treat of adult male skulls alone, as being
the best and most certain class of material ; and
of such skulls we have 25 from Deshasheh, 04
from Bahsamun, a few miles north of Deshasheh,
and OCt from Behnesa, thirty miles south of
Deshasheh, already measured, and not brought
to England ; Avhilc a larger quantity of the
I Roman age, not yet measured, are now placed
' at (.'andjridgc. The comparison of these Avitli
tlie early skulls of the Vth D}-nasty, nearly 4000
I years before, and with those of iMedum at tlie
beginning of the IVtli Dynasty, is of nnudi
value. The middle values for each of the
I dimensions are, compared with those of the
I earlv perfect and dissevered bodies: —
|
Millimetres. Males. |
JZ |
n M j\. |
jT. |
Vth |
Dykastt. |
IVtii ])vn |
|
Dcsliaslieh. |
T> ilisiimun. |
Bclmcsa. |
PcTfect. |
Cut up. |
]\ItMluUI. |
|
|
Length (Broca) |
185 |
180-8 |
184-9 |
188 |
185-5 |
182-5 |
|
„ (Flower) |
180 |
183-9 |
181-G |
1 84-5 |
1 80-0 |
|
|
Breadth max. |
130-5 |
138 8 |
140-7 |
139-5 |
141-5 |
138-8 |
|
Biauricular |
121 |
119 |
121-7 |
122 |
llG-5 |
118-0 |
|
Height |
133-8 |
137 |
131-2 |
139-5 |
130-5 |
134-7 |
|
Nasal height |
53-0 |
54-1 |
53-3 |
54 |
51 |
51-5 |
|
„ Avidth |
20 |
24.-5 |
25-4 |
25-5 |
24 |
24-8 |
|
Orbital height |
31-1 |
31-0 |
33-9 |
33-5 |
32 |
32-8 |
|
„ Avidth |
31)-9 |
39 |
390 |
41-8 |
39 |
37-9 |
|
Basi-nasal |
104 |
103 |
101-2 |
103 |
100-8 |
101-0 |
|
Basi-alveolar |
9G-5 |
9G-7 |
95-7 |
9G |
93 |
97-G |
Here it is evident that there arc very small differences between the values in these different
groups.
And hoAV trifling these differences arc
Ave may note by considering that Ave haA'e already shoAvn that the perfect and cut-up skulls Avcrc practically identical. Vet tho
30
DKSIIASHKII
cliHerc'iicos of the Ronmn fi'oin the early
skulls are mostly loss than the insignificant
(liilerences between the two classes of early skulls.
Next we mav take the ratios of these measuremciifs, oi' tlio iu'.lic('s, reckoned as usual : 1)i'i'a(ltli Avidth ^ 111
)
(1 hciii'lit -r- lonuth, nasal
-;ht,
and hasi-alvriilar -^ Ijasi-uasal.
Indices. Mai.ks. Breadth Biauriculni- Height Nasal Alveolar
J)c.-lia.slii;li.
70-2
74-3
47
1);V.')
I!;il.s;iiinin.
70-1 C.Vl 71 -4 ■1.5-I.
BcliiU'sa.
77-5
(;(;•(;
72-1 4G-3 !J4-5
rciffct. 70-2 f;.v7
74-.S '10
ni.
Here
aLfaui
til
vomaii skulls arc \'ci'y noiirlv of the same proportions as thi; early ones; in four dimensions the variations of cither class intersect the other class, the height of the Roman is slightly less, and the 'mly real difFerence is in the nose, Avhich is on the avei'age a little narrower in the latrr sknlls. On drawing curves of the varieties their I'ange and character is soon to he ivally identical. And wu thus reach the very important con- clusion that there has 1)een no distinct change in the main eleinonts of the skull lietween the Yth Dynasty and Ifoman times in this district. To obtain such a proof of the continuity and general uniformity of the i-ace in ■Middle I'^gypt is a matter of great ■weight. It implies that the disturbances of invasions have not seriously altered the l)alance of physical characteristics.
Now another question becomes of crucial importance when we have thus settled the fixity of the l^gyptian type Ihto. This tvj)(^ is practically identical with the average of all the skulls of all dates and jjlaccs from I'lgvpt, as we see in the last column. It is therefore the average ]']gy})tian type whose fixity we have proved in one localitv. And hence we have a strong fixed p^int with Avhicli to com- pare the New Race skulls. Some oJ' I lie dimen- sions and indices are of no value as distinctions, since they are much the same in all fnir classes, the New Race, the IVtli Dynasty, the Yth Dynasty, and the R-omaii. Rut some indices are of distinctive importance, as lor instance —
I.vnicics. r.rendth AK'eolar Nasal
Cut up,
77 "5
7 (;•.')
43
92
New I lace.
71-S
^reJiiiu.
70-0
r,4-s 7;)-s
4S-1 0 .")■!)
]\'tli liyu. Vtli liyii.
7(;-() 7(i-;;
!)5-!) 04
4S-1 48
E^'y])ti;iu.
70-9
72-4
lO-o
KoMKin.
7(V(;
94
■in-2
In these cases the mean breadth and nasal indices are in tlie New llace almost beyond the limits of tli(^ l']gvptian \arieties; and in the alveitlar index there is a distinct ditfercnce between the New Race and the Egyptian of the Yth Dynastv and Roman time.
The force of this result bears stronglv on the (piestion of whether the New Race ]X'ople Avere the pi'eliistiiric ancestors of the Egyptians, or whether they were intrusive invaders of a dijferent type. If they Averc the immediate ancestors of the (_>ld Kingdom Egyptians, avc should be rerpiired to believe that Avithin a thousand years large and distinctive changes occurred in the type of l']gyptian skull, Avliile in Ibiir tliiiusmid vears latei' no such dillcrence tiM)k ])luce. This Avuuld lie a very im])robable stall' of things. Tiie pei'manence of the type in historic times is a strong evidence that a different type must belong to a different body of people. This, howcN'or, Avoiild not be incon- sistent Avith the two classes being allied, and till' diflei'ence being due to an admiKturc Avith another I'ace. In this case, if the Ncav Race Eil)yan Avas the cousin of the l'>gy[)tiau, it Avould seem that a I'ace Avith more slender nose — perhaps Arab or other Semite — had mingled with them to form the normal Egyptian.
31
CHAPTER VII.
MINOR OBJECTS.
(42.) Sonic of the minor objects found h;ivo liccn alivaily clcscril>c(I in connection with the burials, such as the amulets (sect. 20), i'lu- niture of Meni (sect, ol), l)ea(ls (sect. :M), cul)it (sect. -l-l).
There had ])rul_)aljly l.)een many Avooden statues like those found at Saq(|ara, but such Avould naturally be used up as AVood by the aucicut plunderers. Two feet Avere found, one nearly life-size, the other smalle]-, showing how much ]nore had been destroyed. A life-size liead Avas found, which had Ijcen roughly chopped off the body, and greatly Aveathered,
so that hardly any fea- tures remain. A iigure Avithout feet, :30 ins. higli, lay in the sand Avhich tilled the Avell of tondj 10:5 (pi. xxxii. 9) ; it is Aveathered and cracked, l)ut has been of fine A\\)rk. It is remarkable as being a uude fiii'ure : there is only one such yet knoAvu among the ka statues, namely, that in limc- ston.e at Cairo. Another Avooden tigui'c, also greatly Aveathered, Avas found in another pit; it Avears the
|
j |
i |
|
{\ |
i |
|
H |
|
|
^r''fe |
■■Iv' ' ' |
|
rei |
|
|
'..!,*' |
; 16 ' |
|
JM |
^4jL |
VVUUDICN' FluUilE.
triangular kilt, and is
22 ins. hiirh.
(43.) Clothing Avas I'umid in many of the
tombs. In the plundered tombs it Avas often
half pidled out, and iu the unpluudercd ones
there were such large ipiantities of it as to
suggest that it Avas oiu' of the main objects of the ])lundercrs. In the unopened tond)s the presence of air had oxidized the lini'ii, mostly to dark brown or black, and made it cither powdery or st.) lu-ittle that it could scarcely be imfolded ; but Avlu'i'e tlic tombs had been o[)ened and iiUed up A\'ith sand, the clothing Avas often iu almost perl'ect state. There Avcre the roller bandatres on the bodies, the larffc liucn cloths laid over all as a ■windiiiir-slicct, and stores of clothing dejjosited Avith it, both made up and in long pieces.
The ]nost com})lete outfit Avas in a, solid bh)ck colHn, toml) l-iSA. The body, Avrapped u]), lay fixed with some jiitcli, and oAX-r it all the space Avas filled Avith clothes. The made-up shirts Avere all of the outline shown in pi. xxxa'. They consist of one piece of stuff' from Avaist to feet, lapped round and sewn down the edge ; to that arc sewn on two })ieces passing over the shoulders, and continued out into long sleeves. The gap at front and back Avas closed liy tying Avith three pairs of strings before, and the same behind. Tlie narrow sleeve has in some cases a sort of fin of loose stutf left beloAV it: this Avas originally a surplus left for letting it out, but it Avas so frcipieut as to suggest that it had Ijecome ornamental. It is remarkable that not one dress Avas foiuid of the form shown on the monuments, with shoukler-straps ; but the actual form seems to ha\e been developed out of that by extension of the shoulder-straps alonff the arms. Hence the monumental dress must have been only an artistic survival in the Old Kiutrdom. Tlie form of this actual tlress is very closely tlie inodcru (jalal/iijch of the
DKSllASllini.
Finn stiifF
E;iyptian men ; tlio narrow IkkIv and very ti^^lit sloovcs arc in just tlic same stvli'. Alto- gether seven sucli sliirts were found in this coffin.
Lpnt,'lh of .skirl. Lniiglli luhil.
4?> 5 11
4S^ (i(H
54 05. t
and two coarse sliirts too rotted to uiifold.
Two others Ibund elscwhci'c, and preserved white, are :
Loiigtli of i-kirt. LongUi tiil il, Widlli.
Fincstuft' 48 5!J IG
Wiiltli. 22
2;i
Coarse stufT
Very open stufl'
50
18
The stran^ii'C jjoint is the i;'reat K'n^tli of these — most of them over 5 ft. from the shoiddi'r to i the hem. Such ■would uccil a ])erson at least C) ft. high to wear them well clear of the foot, and in sculptures the dress (hx's not even reach the ankle. The lungest here, 5 ft. S.l ins. could not be worn hy a person under I! ft. 7 ins. high. The natural explanation would he that the di'css Avas (h'awn up loose over a girdle; hut against this, no such f »i-m is known on the inonumcnts, nor is there any trace of the creases or wear which such a girdle Avould produce.
Beside the sliirts some large pieces of stuffs were placed in the coffin, ]4SA. These are uniforndv made Avith a selvedge at onc^ side and a fi-inge at the other; the ends arc rolled in and overcast. The j)ieces measure —
28 ft. 10 ins. long, 47 ins. wide. ••^O „ 2 „ „■' 45 „ „ (Unknown length) 44 ,, ,,
The first of these had a patch neatly sewn into one corner 15,} long and 7.} wide, showing that it had been actually used as a wrapper. Smaller pieces arc —
8 ft. 2 ins. long, 31. ins. wide. 7 „ 11 „ „ ol< 40 „
f;:i „
51
The bodv and colliu of this t(vnl) were kept at the Caii'o ]\Iuseuni.
Anothei' tond) containing nnich (dothing was th;it of the amidets. Xo. 117 (sec sect. 25). 0\'cr tin: ])odv was (1) a, shawl S !■ x ?>Ct ins., (2) a mass of kilted stuff S,\ ins. deep, (;'.) an- other piece of stuff, (I) another jiiece of kilted stull" on the bodv, (5) nmch blackened powderv stull", ((!) Ilnclv-pleatcd kilt, beside six or eight other articles too rotted to de- termine. Under the head was a, mass of linen cloth 4. iucdies thick, and fohU'd HI x 12 ins., as a i)illow.
■Most of the graves containing bodies had more or less cloth preserved. The character of it varies very much. The woof is usually (jid\' half as (dose as the warp, tlu' usual make of l'-gvi)rian linen. The finest is 03 x 44. thi'enils to the inch, and near the edge of the I)iece it is made stouter up to 148 to the inch. A fine linen handkei'chief of the present time is about Of) to the iucji each wa\'. A \'ery close- textured stuff v^-itli full threads is 7 I- x 20, and othei's 50x30 and 58x18. A line delicate stull", almost transparent, is 72 x 30 threads. A very loose open stull" is of line thread 48x22, through vrhich the limbs would be clearly out- lined ; the wai'p is grouped so as to give a striped effct of close and open. The most open stull" of all is 1.") x lo threads to the inch, of fine thread ; it scarcely shades objects beloAV it, and is evidently the stuff called "fishing- net," in Avhicli the damsels of the palace Avcnt to row king Sneferu about on his lake. NonK of these stuffs are as fine as the royal linen of the Vlth Dynastv, because they arc only the connnon products used by ordinary people; yet they are as fine and finer than our present Aveaving.
(44.) Two unfiiushed graves Avcre foimd, Avhicdi contained the Avorkmen's tools left 1)C- hind, buried in sand. In 80, at 12 ft. deep, there Avcre several A\'oodcn mallets and Avooden chisels, Avhich had been used to excavate the
MINOR OBJECTS.
33
gravel, here, hard and marly, so that it liolds firm in upright sides without crumhling. These chisels (pi. xxxiv. 15-18) Avere 8 to 21 ins. long.
Mallets and Wooden Chisels. Used iu digging grave.s throiigU liarj gravels.
and show very little breaking at the j^oints, though the heads are sometimes much knocked over. The mallets (pi. xxxiv. 13, 14, IG) are 11 to 1 3 ins. long, and nre very little worn ; being quite different from the masons' mallets, which l)ecome deeply cut i\^YaJ by working on metnl
Mallets used iiy iSionecutter.s.
chisels (pi. xxxiv. 10-21). A head of a mallet 9 X '■] ins., with a hole 1-^ in. wide in it, shows that the compound cross-head mallet was used then. With the mallets and chisels were two
baskets, which had been used to move the
gravel cut in working ; ( me was probably used to
collect the gravel
iu (pi. xxxiv.
2, 3), the other
with cords to it
(1) was used to
haul up the stuff"
to the surface.
A quantity of
palm - fibre and
papyrus cord -was
lying with these.
The make of the
baskets is that of
the Xul)ian and
ancient liaskets,
as seen on the
servants' heads in
the early sculp -
tin-es; in Roman
and modern times
plaited palm-leaf
has supplanted
this.
In another grave, No. 109, about .5 ft. deep, there lay more mallets and chi- sels, and a long piece of rope at the north end ; with a lonir -
O
handled mallet witli cross -head (pi. xxxiv. IG) at the south end, made in one piece.
Masons' mal- lets were found scattered about
Basket. [Left behind liy grave-diggers. Vth Dyn.
|
! |
\ 1 ! i |
I] |
|
ft |
^- ■ |
1 j |
|
I \ |
1\ ^ |
|
|
/ i |
J 1 - |
|
|
' ^^k |
L^sw^ - |
K ( ■ |
|
.y^ft |
wL-i |
|
|
1 1 |
..4 |
Basket and Rotes. Left behind by grave-diggere. Vth Dyn
in various places — none in important positions.
D
:!4
DKSnASnEIT.
They wore i'Oi|uii'e<l for excnvntinir the lime- stone rock under the ,<;-rnvels, wlieii ihv. deep pits were sunk. The softer |);irts of the rock wore cut tln'oiiiili -^lini-plN' ; ;inil snuie vei'y toui^'h str;it;i were Im-lieil ;i\v;iv \\i(h henvv stmie
Frnijnicnts of n similar palette, o-reatly rotted, were found -with a plain Made of copjier, aud ])arts of a liead-i'esi wiili Ihited stem, in tMinl, 1 17.
Tlie lie;ld-]'ests ai'e (jf \ai'ii>ns tA'pes. ^[jiuv
uiauls (12 ins. loii^- hy ('> iiw. ilwck) swuul;- l)y a . are s^lid hldcks, f)und in tond)s J>, 20, ftS, 95,
rope, leaving a sort of roui^h dia]ihi-aL;-ni in flie shaft, owinii,- to the diliicnU\' of eiitt inn' out shar])ly. In several <if the clKunhers below Rharpcnin_i:--stones were found — blocks of (piartz- ite sandstone about o x '■) ins., with i^-reen si;ains of the rtdjliin^ of cojiper tools ujiou them.
1 I ('), and I ') I ; these are not necessarily of poor tombs, as block 1 l(j is Mei-a's, L;-rained to imitate precious wood, and inscribed (see pi. x.xxiv. •], 10). The better kno\vii t\'|)e is witli an upright circular stem; this is sometimes in one piece (as tomb !)l-2, })1. xxxiv. 8), but more generally in
In tond) 2\ tlie marks of the i)ick oi' chisel in : three ])ieces. as in tondis 2?), -12, 85, 91-2, 105, the softer parts shoAvei] if to be alionf 1 in. 1-0, 117, I-ISA. Of these three are fluted up
^^^—^^^^0
'.«
5 ' 6
TrKAIl-RKST AND SaXPALS Or ]\rKI!,l.
wide, tapei-ing to .V in. at the cutting edge; probably by this tai>er it Avas a heavy pick.
(45.) \'ei-\- little funeral fiu'inturc was found in the toud)s. Two scribes' ])alettes were pre- served. One in tond) S.5 was in sufficiently good state to show tlic details (i)l. xxxiv. 11); it was made in t\vo layei-s, for the ease of cutting the i)aiut-lioles and the reed-liolder, like the J.alette of the sci-il)e of Khe-ty (IXth Dynasty) in the Louvre. The black colour Avas at the end, the red was tlu' Ioavci'. It was liroken across, being much decayed; the tomb had been opened and re-used f ,i- lloman nunnmies.
Vauious Tvi'Ks of ITkad-uksts.
the stem, Xos. 23, 117, 148A. In pi. xxxiv. iVo. 4 is IVom to)nb 1 1 (i (Mera), No. 7 from S5, No. S fi'om 91-2 (two pits run together into one chamber, with two head-rests in it), No. 9 from 105 (Nenkheftek), and No. 10 from tomb 20.
In two graves ])apyrus oi- I'eed boxes were found. In No. 100, chandjei- W. of well, the bones lay coidhsedly at the N. end, with a {q\\ small cylindi-ical stone beads glazed green, like those in ])1. xwi. 2S ; at 4 to 10 inches up in the filling of the chambei-, south of the bones, lay a coffin of reeds and rope. As there Averc no bones in it, nor any others in the toml)
MINOR nri.TKCTS.
except the primaiy iiitcnnout, it is iilmost certain that the coffin is of the Vth Dynastv. In Nu. TO.J, cluniihiT ^Y. ,,f m^ll, the l.odv lay (li;i,i;Mnally, licad N.N.1<]., not cut up, and wra|)pcd in clotli like all tlic (itlicr Vth Dynasty burials. Tartly ])eneath it Avcrc four boxes of pajiyrus steins bound Avith i^alni ropo (pi. xxxiv. 12), and a mat <>[' rccds standing on end in the well. Two jai's (pi. xxxiii. 22) lay in the N.E. corner.
In tlie first northern spur of hill a false door of a tomb was found cut in the hill-side. On
1-a). At the bottom was 1 with Avhite paint in it, then 4 with a litth' white paint twisted up in rag-, then 2 with liUiip-IiliRdv paint, and then two Ijowls like "). V>y the side ul' these lay the lai'o-e l)owl o, and I'urthcr on the hiri;-e platter (; ; while tu-o stands like 7 lay broken iqi, at the side and end of tlio cotiin. Tlierc Avas no pot- tery inside the coffin. In Nenkheftka's tomb. No. 73, were two bowls and an egg-shaped jar (10, n, 14). In SI were four jars of type 17, and a Ixiwl, type 11). lu !J3, at the soutli end of the chaiiib
er, stood three jars, typo 21, witli
1'alette of a Scriuk.
Papyrus Ijaskkt.
the iliior in front of it lay a, reed mat, 43 X (10 ins., partly i-olled up; and by it a rough pottery pan 8 ins. across and 5 deep. This was evidently tlie mat for olferhigs and tlie vase which stood on it, exactly as represented in the liieroglvph Itclrp, shown in detail at Medum.
(46.) Not much pottery was found in tlu' tombs. The largest set Avas with the cut-u]) body 23 in a wooden coffin. Behind the coffin in the chamber was a, pile of l)owls (pi. xxxiii.
conical ca})s of clay; on opening them they were found to contain only rough lumps of Nile earth. In 104 were two jars of type 22 in the N".E. corner. In 112 a, jar, type 12, stood at the head of the l)ody, at the N.E. corner. In 113, where the body was very elaboratel}' cut u]), a jar of type 16 lay at the west of the feet, with mouth to north. In 127 stood six jars of type 15, with mud caps upon them, and two great mauls of quartzosc stone. These stood in the Avell, 2G ft. deep, a slight beginning of a
D 2
3G
DESHASIIKII.
chamber liaviii<i' ]>vvn uukIi' on the west ; uiueli brown orsjanic matter was liv tlicin, ])ut no dis- tiiiii'uislinble lioiies. The iar (if Aiita. is dcscrilKMl in sect. 4.
Somo pottery of the XVITTtli Dynasty was also i'onnd in sccondarv l)urials, cacli sucli occurrence being obviously not the primary interment. In tombs -14 ami 1'2 wci'o the
forcig-n vases '2.'j-2(i, appari'utly of I'ali'stiuian make, lieing like Cypriote, l)ut clearly not actually made in Cvprus, a<'coi-(liiig to the judgment ol' my iViend, Mr. d. L. Myres. who knows the details. The Ixu-ials are de- scribed in Chapter YIII. A })aii, iig. 8, of this same age, was hing hall' down the pit S8.
37
CHAiPTEE A^III.
SECONDARY BURIALS.
(47.) Wu liiive so far uiily cuiisidered tlie priniary l^iirials of the Vth Dynasty, the period ■when all the tunil>s were made. The bones belonging to the earlier age ai'e ah\^ays by their liiJ-htuess and absence of ori;anic matter distinguished from the Roman secondary in- terments. The mode of ^vrapping is also a conclusive difference, the Ronum bodies being swathed A\dth cross pattern of narrow strips outside. A few bui^ials of the XVIIIth-XlXth Dynasty also occurred, and these we notice first.
The most important secondary burial was No. 44, in a rock cluujdjer. The earlier l)ones were scattered on one side, with Ijits of Vth Dynasty pottery, and the calf's leg of the otter- ing ; bats' bones lay over these, showing that the tomb had stood open for some time. Then there was laid out at full length another body, unite perfect, on its back, liead north, upon a mat wliich overhiy the layers of bats' bones. At the head of the body wei'e two large jars, and between them two little Palestinian vases (pi. xxxiii. 25, 2l!). The head had slipped off a. head-rest "with square stem, usual in the XVIilth Dynasty, but unknown in the earlier times. At the left side was a throAS'-stick, and the long neck of a lute, inlaid with the signs aah dad in i\'or)', which had fallen out and were noted in position on the ground. At the right side lay the body of the lute with leather on it, and a cubit of wood. All of this wood was so much rotted ))y lying in the air of the chamber that it could not Ije lifted in leno'ths of more than two or three inches, as any longer piece broke with its own Aveight. Before exposing the pieces of tlie cubit to shrinkage, by losing
the slight moisture of the I'ock, it was measured at once. The divisions on it were thus, in inches : —
End
Cuts.
l,i-;)
5-S
End
1H7 17 ■!_).") iy-S5 20'05 L'1'J5
26-15
- .. J
— 1-25
— 1-9
1 y
l-O.i 315
3-15
o L.)
2G-15
Thus it was a cubit of 2(rl.') inches di\ided into two feet of 13'U7 (^varying 12'65 and 13-5), and one ibot divided into four palms of 3' 15 each. This corresponds Avitli cidhts ibuncl at Kahuii, of the Xllth Dynasty. One of these A\as 26'43 divided into two feet {Kalnni, p. 27); the other was actually 25*67, but worn greatly at the ends, and by the average divisions probably 26"88 originally {Illuhnn, p. 14). Both of these Kahun cubits are divided into seven palms, and not into eight as here. There are then three examples of this cubit : —
Kahun, Xllth Dynasty 26 43
„ „ „ 2G-8S?,
actually 25-67. Deshasheh, XVII Ith Dyn. 26-] 5
;J8
i»i:siiAsiii';ii.
;iii(l this. (Ii\i(lc(l into two ll'i't, I |ii'ii|i(isc(l to coiiiiect with ilir Asi:i Minm- limt df l.'i'L' or culiit of Lir)-.l. It is sin-iiificaiit tliat Kaluiii contained rorci^iicis, and lioi'O this cubit lav in tlu' tonili uhich had I'lircinn |i(itt('r\'. All nf tlu' AVooilcn <il>j('cts Avci'c naiioNcd, and the IVaLi'- nients coated witli iiu'lted wax to preserve; fheui : thus tht'v can l)e built; up ayaiii in Eugland, frail as tlicy a 1-0.
Anothei- liurial of tlu! same a^e was hali'-wa-}' down the deep tomb well No. 12. The well had been hall' ch^ai'ed, a. recess cut on the west sidi' to widen it, and then two coHins buried one ■with head, the other with feet in the I'ocess. With these were many jars and ]ians of the XA'Iirtli Dynastv ; in the southern eollin, liy tlic Ici^'s. lay a long I'cd jar of Phd-nician tvpe, l)ut poorci-, smaller and duller than usual, and ])i-ol)ably a. Palestinian imitation (pi. xxxiii. !'.">), and two bhud^ pottery \'ases {'2 !•), such as are known (Vom (Jiu'ob, with an alabaster kold-pot. The coilins were slight, plain, and rectangular, without ornament. AH the wood and bones Avere too much rutted to be moveable.
A little deposit of the later age was in the shallow pit leading to tomb SS. About the level of the top of the doorway was a pan of the JKVlIIth Dynasty in the middle (pi. xxxiii. 8), fVaginents of jars of that age, and a liasket. These secondary bni-ials it is most needful to consider when excavating, so as to pi'event con- fusion of periods among the objects. ]\Iaiiy other burials, without distinctive dating of pottery, &c., wei'e thought doubtfid at first, and, in fact, no bui-ial was accepted as primary witliout some evidence. But as work went on, and 1 became accustomed to the style of wrapping and the linen, Avhieh was certainly of the Vth Dynasty, and when 1 noticed how usually some l)oncs ol' a primary bvu-ial gener- ally remained, it seemed clear that we must accept all the great mass of tlu; liui'ials as cer- tainly of one age— the Ytli Dynasty. Great confusion may arise, and has arisen elsewhere.
li'om not notnig at the tune the mixture ol contents in tond)s; and unless this is always considere(l, we can relv but little on any state- ments of the disrover\' of oliji'cts.
(48.) Many tombs li.ad Ix'eii o|)ened in Roman times, aii<l i-e-used to contain large numbers of mninmies swathed in thick masses of linen, and de<'orated b\- cross-binding Avith narrow strips to foi'iii a pattern of stpiares all over. This is like the ])iiiding ol' the nuimmies of the lirst three centuries A.D. at llawara; but here there were no portraits, no gilt studs in the spaces of the pattern — onI\- in one case a gilt plaster face, of a little girl, and occasionally a. l\-\Y -wreaths. The bodies were crowded to- gether, often two or three deep, all over the chanibei". The tombs with such re-interments were Nos. 2, 5, 8, 1(1, ]!), (lU, fii>, 81, 85 and 97. It is to be obsca'ved that a, great part — perhaps the majority — Avere cliildren, showing that there Avas a large mortality at about live to fifteen years of age. The poimlation must liaA-e had a, very high birth-rate, or liaAC been rapidly diminishing.
In tomb 8, although a stack of bodies, mostly children, had l)een put in, the skull, jaw and collar I)one of the original possessor A\ere pre- served, and ])lace(l on the toji of all the mummies.
In tomb 11) Avere no less than sixteen late mummies ; oA'er the entrance was scratched the name Oros, and other letters. The oi'lainal bones were pushed over to one side of the chamber.
In tomb ST) an early cotiin remained, Avith head-rest, palette, and stick ; the lid was in the well : and into and over the coilin Avere thrust Roman mummies till the chainber Avas full.
(49.) At Bahsainun, two or three miles north ol' the DesJiasheh cemetery, some ex- caxatiou Avas done in a Uoman cemetery and fort on the edge of the desert. Mauy skulls were preserved from here, the nicasurenients of which have been discussed in sect. 41. The
aiOCUNUAllY BUl;iAI,S.
;i9
iuUowiiig iiceount nf the (.■.\c;iviitiuiis tlierc' is clue to Mr. H. V. Cocre, who cLxainiia'd ihc site wliilc I was at Dcsliaslieli : —
The village of Balisumuu is situated about six miles north of Deshaslich, upon a. site which in Ftoman times supported a town uf consider- able size. Unfortunately, most of the remains of those days are at present either covered by the cultivated lands ^vhich surruund the place, or are in process of being demolished liy the villagers, for the sake of the line red bricks, in which a brisk trade is done in the nei'dibourin"- towns and handets.
The only parts of the site Avhich could Ije properly investigated are those which lie on the Avest of the belt of cultivation, in the desert. The cemetery of the old town covers a largo area, but few of the graves are of any size, and none of those which we opened contained any- thing of value. In some cases glass vases of the well-knoAvu long-necked form were found at the head of the grave, but they were gener- ally broken.
Nearly all the graves oj)ened had been pre- viously plundered, and even such things as the small lamps, ivory hair-i)ins, the plates of beaten gold which were sometimes placed on the tongues of the dead, and similar trifles which abound in many sites of the same period, were very scarce.
From the head of one grave a small tunnel ran oft" at right angles, and in it were found seventeen wine-jars of difterent shapes and sizes, arranged in two rows. But all were in a damaged condition ; not one contained any- thing, no)- did any of them bear traces of any writing or decoration.
In most cases the Ijodies Avere fuund laid on the bare gravelly soil, without collins, but Avrapped in the usual linen liandages. In the few cases in Avhicli coilins were lound to have been used, they Avcre formed of rough-dressed timber, uniuscribed and unpainted. Usually only one interment had been made in each
graAc, but onr i'aiiiily vaidfc contained the skeletons of a man, a. AVoinan, and two infants.
I3esides the graves of olilong shape, which Were mostly (^uite shallow (l)eing in some cases only a few inches beneath the present surface), there were live tondis to which access was gained by a perpendicular shaft, varying in depth ffoiii eiglit to eigliteeii fret, lined with sun-(h'ied bricks and pro\ided Avith niches in the Avails to facilitate descent. A careful ex- amination shoAved that they had all been plun- dered in early times, and nothing left Init the bodies, Avhich Avere much broken u}) and dis- arranged by the robl)ers, Avho had in one case thrown the skulls into a heap in one corner of the chandjcr.
One of these shaft-tombs contained three, and each of the others tAv^o chambers, and most of the chambers contained many bodies, the majority being those of adults, of either sex.
The chambers Avere badly constructed, and much damage had been done to their contents Ijy the falliug-in of the roofs ; and, moreover, the wrappings, and even the bodies themselves, Avcrc so completely rotten that they crumbled away at the least touch, notAvithstanding the appearance of j)erfcct preservation they pre- sented Avheu the tombs were first opened.
On the edge of the cultivated lands stood the ruins of a small villa; l)ut it too had been de- stroyed for the sake of the bricks that had been used in its construction, and only the inferior, sun-dried mud bricks, Avhich had been used in parts of the Avails and lor the paving of Avhat appeared to ha\-e been the court, Avere left. A large quantity of broken amphora) and some fragments of papyrus, principally uninscriljed, were found at this spot.
About a mile and a-half out in the desert, on a high 1,-dm or mound, Avere the ruins of a Ijuild- ing, constructt'd of sun-dried brick, Avhich had almost certainly been used as a fort. Its site for purposes of defence Avas avcII chosen, for the mound overlooked a large area, and commanded
40
nKSIIASUEIl.
one of the priuripiil iipproaches to the Fayoum. Here a quantity of papyrus was obtaiiiod, l)ut it Avas mucli Li'oken up, and unfortunately few of the fragments Avere inscribed. Some earthen- ware lamps, wooden combs, and other small articles of a similar nature were also found, but nothing notcAvorthy.
One of the workmen stated that in digging there during the past lew years for bricks, some large rolls of papyrus had been discovered ; l)ut as they Avcre considered worthless, they had been destroyed, and there was every reason to believe that the statement Avas only too true.
Adjacent to tlic ruins of the fort Avas a small cemetery, in Avhich the graves Avere of a much better class than in the one previously examined, being for the greater part lined Avith A\^ell-made burnt bricks. They usually contained very solidly made Avoodcn coffins, in Avhich the bodies Averc laid (in linen Avrappings, Avith Avoollen head shaAvls), and covered Avith rushes aiul some sweet-smelling hcrl)S and tAvigs, Avhich, when burned, gave oil' a thick smoke Avith rather a, pleasant odour. Tlic bodies Avere remarkably Avell preserved, Avith the hair and beards in a perfect state, probal^ly owing to the extreme dryness of the soil, and the colours on the head-Avrappings Avere in many cases (putt' i'resh.
All the bodies belonged to the male sex, and in one or tAvo instances the skulls shoAved signs of having received injuries from cutting Aveapons ; from Avhich evidence it seems highly probable that this small burial-gi'ound Avas used sojtdy for the garrison of the fort.
Tn one of the graves there Avas a brush that liad Ijeen used in applying some tarry substance to parts of the coffin. It Avas made of reeds fastened to a short Avooden handle, and in shape Avas not unlike the brushes used by whiteAvashers at the present day; its length Avas about S inches and its breadth 4-^ inches. It must have been an unhandy instrument to \ixv, OAving to the stiffness of the reeds.
<)ii a spui- situate to the south-Avest of this UKiuiul Avas II cliaiii <if (lint tmiiuli, Avhicli at iirst sight looked as tliough they might covei- early tonilis. T^jjou digging into them, hoAv- cver, they proved to l)e formed over shalloAV Avells (about eight or ten feet deep) of exceed- ingly irregular i'ui'in, cut in very loose gravel, imtil the lianl rock was reached, at Avhich ])oint their excavators liad invariably abandoned their Avork. l''or Avhat purpose tliese shafts Avcre dug it Avould be hard to say, unless they Avere used as stores for grain or some purpose of a like nature. No ti'aces of bones were found in any of them, and, indeed, from their extreme narroAV- ness it would have l)een impossible for any burials to liaA'e been made in them, save by placing the body in an upright position.
Traces of a small liuildinf>- Avcre discovered on a ridge some distance out in the desert, and examination of them led to the conclusion that tliey had formed pai't of an ancliorite's abode, or of a very small monastery.
The upper part of the Avails had been com- pletely destroyed, but it Avas possible to gain an idea of the plan of the place iVom the loAver portions, Avhich reuiaincd. The fu-st cell, Avliich Avas 0 feet 4 inches long and 4 feet 7 inches Avide, Avas paved Avith mud l)rick.
It contaiued in one corner a circular red pot of medium size, Avhich had probalily held Avater. In another corner, under a niche in the wall (the east) Avas a red eartheinvare plate, Avhich Avas broken into three pieces — most likely by the falling-in of the A\'alls. In a third thei'c Avas a small opening, 18 inches Avidc and about 1 5 inches high, spanned liy a pointed arch. At first sight this appeared to be a sort of cupboard ; Init when the rubljish A\as cleared aAvay from it, it proved to give access to another, slightly largei', chamber, Avhich fornu'd an L on plan Avitli that first discovered.
In the first cell, 20 inches distant IVom the Avail in Avhich Avas the diminutive doorAvay, and terminating opposite the centre of the opening,
SECONDAEY BURIALS.
41
WHS ti dwurf wall, which may have been built to afford protection from draughts, though such care seems strangely at variance Avith the pro- fession of a hermit, or a monk who would live in such uncomfortable quarters. jMore j^robably it was erected to secure the complete jiiivacy so much desired by such holy men ; but it must have rendered it distinctly aAvkward for anyone to enter the cell, as they would have had to
twist themselves in serpentine i'ashiun tlu'ougli the doorway and past the abutting wall.
There Avere traces of l)uildings uj)on the other sides of the larger of the two cells, but want of time prevented any further examination of the curious little place. And as nothing of sutticient interest or value to Avarrant further expenditure on the site had turned up, the work was brought to a conclusion after nine days' diu'siu"'.
4-2
Dl^SHASITKIT.
CiiAPTEU IX.
THE INSCRIPTIONS. r.y F. J-i.. (luii'FiTii.
(50.) Tt is a uTicvoiis tiling' tliat the in- scriptions oi' the De'sliuslu'li tunil)S ■.wv i\\ s'.U'li bad condition : all are of interest as l)oin;:' from a new locality, and some have evi(h'ntly heon of lirst-ratc^ ini]ioi'tance. No one is so skilful as I'rofessor I'eti'ie in recoi;'ni/,inL;' faint traces of scnlpture upon a wall, and ^\'e may rest assured that the most careful studvand scrutiny of the oriiiinals would reveal little more than appears in these plates. I'rofessor Petric has marked what was clear in I'nll line, while restora- tions of sculpture or inscription are ^^iven in dots; hut for the dotted outlines there is more or less authority in the originals. In studyin_g the copies philoloiiically with the aid of photo- f;;raphs, I have, however, occasionally seen reason to depart from the reading indicated by the dotted lines.
Tcnir, OF Anta.
I'l. IV. The inscrii)tion accompanying the scene of the capture of a fortress is so nuicli destroyed that hardlv any infoi'mation can be gained from it. The sign of a captive inside a fortress is new and interesting. The figure of a captive should doubtless be restorc'd in the second occurrence of the fortress siiiii, and
q ^\ , Xedaa, or rather Ndi/', preceding it is in all probability the name of a foreign city. The oval iigure of tin; fortress is the same that encloses thi' names in the li>ts of foreign cities and villages captured by kings <>\' the XVIIIth Dynasty and later, and much the same appear in two early carvings on slate published by
Stcmidorir in l\hrrs l'\:sl^c]u-i/l, the originals of which are in the Gi/.eh Museum and the Louvre.
1*1. A'l. The large figure leaning on his staif is Anta, himself. l''acing him stands "the director of (work on) the tomb," named Deniz, and kneeling before him are two persons named A pa and Airnefer, Apa being a scribe. A man named Khyt sits with his back to the cal)in,- and at the stern, trimming the sails, is the "superintendent of the /,v/-ser\'a,nts, })ossessing
worthiness before the director of Avork
on the toml) " Evident!}' the people
connected with the construction and service of the tomb Avished to be commemorated in the scenes.
v\nta has a variety of titles, viz. : — •
1. Ti'l'li .^irtcii, "royal acrpiaintance,'" probably indicating relationshij) to the king.
2. mrr v])t (cf. pi. viii.), a connnon title in the Old Kingdom both in the Mcmphite necropolis and elsewhere. It perliajis means superintendent of apportioning work ; but in Sinf, Tomb i., we have frequently a title vicr tqit J/ctrpu ncfer, " superintendent of apportioning (?) divine offerings."
3. mcr menu seteii, " superintendent of the monument (or monuments?) of the king." This is a title which I do not recollect else- where, l)ut it is repeated on ])ls. viii., x., xii., and so is quite certain.
■1. Iiel-(i. Iirl, "ruler of a fortress"; a well- known title, meaning apparently the governor of a city or district, with troops under him.
5. scshein ta, "leader of the land," or possibly
TilK INSUiUl'TION.S.
4-S
" dispuuscr ol' k'nituiy '' ; li'LMj^iiL'ut with iner 11 pt (No. 2).
J'l. Yll. At the to}) the two Hues of inscrip- tion contain a prayer to the king and " Annbis in the shrine" for "burial in the [Western] JMountain, as one Avho had deserwd well of the
great god [to the ] Anta., and his
wife whom he lovt'S, Mert'niin."
Tile first three columns of ■writing aj'e much nuitilated ; afterwards the sense of the I'rag- mcnts becomes more connected, but it is diffi- cult to make out the exact nieanini;-. Anta is evidently boasting of the excellence of his tomb : —
(3) as to all crat'tsnioii
(4) [wliom I ciuployeil on these?] things, they praisuil God for mo therefore, they desired U) do
(5) [tlie like ftir themselves ?] in order that they might praise God for mc therewith (fl
(C)
2very man (.vc? iirh) who
sliall enter to these tilings, he will praise God for mo therewith if lie shall do the like for himself with his things (i.e. imitation would lie the most accoptaLle form of llattery fov me ?).
(7) ]>ut as to all people who shall do evil to tliesc things, or shall do anything injurious to these things (8) and shall spoil (?j the writing therein ; it shall he that a judgment sliall he made of them by tlu! Groat God, the lord of judgment, ('.)) in tlie place wliero judgment is made.
And if any man (.ve? rich) shall desire that he he equipped for burial (10) in his (own) things that ho hath made [rather than ?] with other and again other things that are brought for his noble (?) /.•«, he is deserving before the Groat God ; (11) things are brought to his noble /,-«, he groweth old right well.
I am devoted to the king, I am devoteil (12) to tlie Great God, I love that which is good and hate tliat which is evil (?) : that which God lovotli is that thiugs should be done [tor everybody?] (i.e. tiiat all should enjoy a good burial and funerary offerings ?).
It seems as if Anta were excusing himself, or taking credit to himself, for making and e(piip- ping his tomb at liis own expense instead of waiting for the offerings of others. Possibly he trusted his oAvn skill as royal architect more than that of his descendants.
Tlie "Great God ' is probably Osiris, the god of the dead.
I'l. Yill. Above the table of offerings are the titles of Anta. and his wife, "the royal dresser in the Great House, the royal acquaint- ance Mcrt'lMiii." The readinir and meaning of the title "roval dresser," or possibly "royal ornament (or favourite)," have recently been made clearer by Spiegclberg (.1. Z., xxxiv. IGL).
PI. IX. The two lines at the top are :
•' i\Iay the king grant grace, and Anuliis in Ta Zescr grace, for burial in the Western Jlountain, a good old ago as possessing favour of the Groat God [in?] the Uag festival (18th Tlioth), the Great Assembly (4th Mekhir), the Heat (in Mekhir), the Going forth of Min (oOtli of the month), and of the Sc))i-priest (4th day of the month), the Festival of the Jlonth (second day), the Half Month (15th day), the Beginning of the Year, and New Year's Day, and every day."
Over the right arm of Anta arc his name and two of his titles : " Royal acquaintance and director of (the work on the royal?) tomb." There are also the names of Mert'Min and of a daughter, " the royal acquaintance, possessor of worth, sat'kau."
In the lowest register a man is leading a female hyaena with a leash : " bringing a female hyaena."
J'l. X. There is here part of the name of a daughter, kau"s,
PI. XI. The names of the animals are, as usual in such scenes, preceded by the group ren, which is of uncertain meaning. The oryx is called Jicz, or perha,ps we ma,y restore mahez with j^ . The ibex is usually called naa, but here the name is destroyed. The addax is iiuilii, OC^. The fat bull is aiui,, and on its ilank is marked the numeral Jlo.
PI. XII. Anta is here entitled sciiicr or ticltc:: (?), as in pi. vii., but the meaning of this is not certain. At her mother's side is a daughter, a " royal acquaintance," and in front of his father is probably a son, " the royal scribe, Ra Nefer." Over the harper is written
u
HKSHASHKH.
" Rtrikiii<i- ttu' liarp," and the artioii nf the tlirec men kneelin^i; in I'nint is described as "singing," <ir "clap])ing hands to tlie harp." In the lowest register we reail ''shackUng" or " overtnniing a hnll."
ri. XJll. (Kcr one of tlie panel-paiiitei's seems to l)e Ids name Ay.
We thus see that tlie inscriptions in this toml) include the usual prnvers to the gods oi' the dead lor a good burial and dtVerings on the feast days. Anta was a "royal relative," and the title of Mert'Min, his wife (pi. viii.), is one held only by the greatest ladies, inmates of the royal harini, probably as concu1)ines. Their children arc therefore also royal I'datives ("royal acquaintances"). The scene ow [il. iv. shows that Anta Avas great in military att'airs, and some of his titles probably indicate uoraarch- ship. The clearest of his titles are "superinten- dent <.>f the royal monument (or moiuinients?)," and " dircctiu' of the toml)"; which latter ma\' mean either that he Avas <li)-ector of the Avork on the royal tomb, or refer to his having been the architect of his oAvn. Unfortunately Ave Inive no positive knoAvledge as to Avhich of the kings of the Old Kingdom he served, nor Avhat Avas the monument of Avhich he Avas keeper.
1. Iiekn lifl, "governor nf
101
tress " (cf.
ToMli OF SUEDU.
(51.^
})i'ayer to Aimbis ol' " '^^
I'l. XV. At the top was evidently a. iSepa," ending Avith the name and titles of " Ateta, Avhose good name is Shedu." In iVoiit of Shedu Avas a vertical line, "seeing [the Avorks of] the country," &c. Over
the boat in the loAvest register is " by
the herdsman," and "causing to pause in the midst of the Avater "—referring to the boat, Avhich had been going too fast, stopping for the benefit ol' the calf and other animals sAvimmino- behind, Avhich might othcrAvisc have been left exposed to the attack of a crocodile.
n. XVI. Shedu is here described as de- servinjr well of " Anubis in the shrine."
1)1. vi.
2. smrr iiafi, "confidential friend of the king'' (cf. pi. vi.) ; high title, very common.
o. tc}^ khcr xrteii. " the first after the king" ; high title, A^ery common.
4. Ill- iiief rrs^ "great one of the southern tens " ; A'ery conuiKiii.
T). liter aid, "superintendent of land"; not uncommon.
{). nier slirnn (?), " superintendent of sheitu " ; a A'ery rare title, occurring also on pis. xvii., xxiv. If Ave miirht correct it to mer shent,
judicial title that might very avcU go with that of " superintendent of the fields" ; or perhaps Ave may see in it mrr sheinifi, " superintendent of the granaries."
7 r soil iieh (ci'. ]ils. x\ii., xxiv.), "
to all herbs." I do not know how to complete this.
5. '^.(1 itklia (cf. pi. XXV., &c.).
'wvw^, it would be a kind
O 2H(?) (cf. pi. XXV.),
seshein la v nefi Ichcii , "leader of the
country for the tAvo cities Avithin the Goat- district (?)." The reading is very uncertain, the animal hardly likely to lie "5^. Perhaps it is that Avhich occurs on the i)ilaster in pi. xix. Senlu'in fa is not uncommon by itself: on the coffin of Nen'kheftek (pi. xxix.) avc have it ([ualified as here by the name of a district, but 1 am not sure that there are other clear instances of such limitation.
The name is given as " Ateta, Avhose name is Shedu ("good name" on pi. xvii.), born of j\Icrt"ates."
The line of hieroglyphs in front of the standing figure of Shedu describes him in set terms as
" seeing [the ofterings brought to him from
the] Adneyards (?) by his /•<( -servants of
the house of his eternity," jir-r n zet-f meaning probably the property Avitli Avhich his tomb Avas endoAved for ever. Over one of the men depicted in the contiguous scene avc see the title of " stcAvard."
THE INSr^RIPTIONS.
45
]^1. XVII. Shodu, whose titles are given as before, is here aeeoiiipaiiied b\' "liis sister whom
he loves [bora of] ^lert-utes. The vertical
line of inscription iiiav be restored: " [seeino- the offerings ])roLiglit] to him in every good
festival l)y his /,-rt-priests (?) of the honse
of his cternitv "
PL XVIII. Shedu, described as "deserving before [Annbis] upon his Rock in [allj his
Abodes," is "seeing in the speech of
herdsmen of the house of his eternity. "
In the top row over the scribe are the remains of a list of oxen.
In the second row there has been a Ion"- line at the top descriptive of the scene, but it is almost wholly destroyed ; below this line are the remains of words referrini'- to breedino- nehe^), "mount"; assisting the birth of a calf, sfelcht ; and " milking the udder " or " cow," seshcr Jcat (?).
In the third rdw the line of inscription is more complete : " Behold thy bulls (?) and thy
oxen (?) of thy stall (?) which are in
the fields joined (?) by the herdsmen."
Over the Imll charging is f<fekh-k 1m nchht, " Mayest thou get loose (?), 0 strong bull ! "
In the fourth row is "Causing to the
bull, his [children ?] are with him, bringing to
him his bulls to see the jjraise of "
One of the operators is named KlufTeta, after the king Teta, which shows that the tomb is of the early part of the Vlth Dynasty. Another is "his son Sebck-khau." The bulls or oxen are called ncg.
PL XIX. S. (should be N.) side of recei^s. The determinative of the name Shedu is a useful confirmation of the supposed meaning " water-skin," of a word shedu that occurs rarely in the inscriptions.
Pilasters. The titles seem to include the siffn of an animal (goat ?) followed by c^ and nome- sign ; perhaps it is the same that we have in
pi. XV.
Back uf recess. The names of three of the
se\-en sacred oils are visible : we shall meet with them in pi. xxviii.
PL XX. The table of ofterings has the usual list above it, ibrming a kind of mcim and pro- gramme for a day's food and attendance to be given by the /.■/-priest according to an elaborate ritual. On such lists see Maspero in Bcvuc dr r llislnirc des Religions, xxxv. 275.
PL XXI. The vertical inscription runs : [" May he have funeral supplies] on the day of the month and half-month, and every good festival [and every day]."
Over the middle row there arc three in- scriptions, 1st, "cutting a dooi'," and '2nd,
■s- (i.mt re vet site res, "making [lirm?] the
point (?) of (a staif called) the Southern post." anif-re I take to mean " point," though I do not know of any instance of the term where it
has this sense. 1 - - ^ as the name of a
staff, shaped 0, in Leijd. Muii., III., xxiv,, per- haps signifies a staff" having a metal " ferule " of electrum, " electrum- feruled staff." On a colfin of the Middle Kingdom (see Steindorft"'s Grab di's Menhihrtej^, and Lepsius, Aeltesfe Texte, pi. 10) we see four staves called "jjost
of the South" ("^^^ J), "post of the North," "post of the West," post of the East" : some- times (.1(7^ Te.vie, pi. 26) they are called simply meda " staves." The names are probably mystic, and connected Avith funeral rites. The present scene might show how a metal ferule was firmly fixed, but it see ns better to take it as rejjre- seuting tlie hardening of the "point" of the staff.
The third inscription is " cutting a piece of wood."
Over the lowest row we have " a frame (?) of panther skin (?)," and "stretching" or "curing- leather." This is important : in Ebers Fest- schrift, Bondi has read 3i5( {^>^hent) in similar inscriptions as simply the determinative of tehes, and interpreted the whole as a name for leather, vjnn. The present example shows that t/is is a
46
DESIIASIIl'Il.
(lifFercnt word from l-hcnf : ovidoiitly it is n verb. I do not deny, however, that it may still he tlie origin of tlie Hebrew word.
Over the h'atlicr-workers who nvc makiiiL;- sandals we have " iiiaiiuCaeturiii^' nll'criiiL;s."
I'l. XXir. 'i'lic iiis(Tii)tii>ii ill front, of tlie larffc fiffiire siiows remains of thi' word iiinJii, "Avihl fowl" The youth in tlie hows of the boat is "his eldest son whom he loves, ^'overnor of a fortress, the; confidential I'oyal friend, Nona, whose ^ood name is licdi'nefiictep." The "<;-ood'' name, as Professor I'etric remarks, can 1)0 (:oiii|ilcted with tolerahle certaiiitv from pL x.w.
Ph XXni. There is little i-emainiii;;- of the inscriptions ; at the left-hand end we have "ox," followed Iiy " ihex."
I'l. X.\I\'. There is nothini;' new to note here.
I'l. X.W. Oil the X. side of the doorway we lia\e a, new title ol' Shedii, ',m ), con- firmed by pi. xix., and reading- perhaps l-licfji ftd-Jicii, Init tlic meaning' is unknown. if it may be corrected to l.-hi'i-ji Ju'irl-ii, it would mean "superintendent of /vj -servants." In 11. 2 anil o he says : " I was one tliat spake ^on{[ and repeated ijood, I was one that [did] justice, which is loved [of flod]." On the S. side were repeated the name and titles of Shedu, with a long inscription laudatory of his conduct, but no single phrase I'emains complete.
It does not appeal' from the inscriptions of his tomb that Shedu or any of his family were related to tlu; king, though they are of very high rank. Shedu Avas probably nomarch, and Avas head of the Department of Land in the central government.
(52.) PI. XXVII. Panel ok Mk!;a. One face of the painted j^anel found in the tomb of Mera represents the preparation of ofieriugs, the other represents apparently their conveyance to their destination in the tomb. Here the man at the bows of the leading boat is entitled " the ruler of the Fortress of the pyramid 'Men-ncfer,
the royal friend, the superintendent of priests, Me/.au (?)." His name is not (piite certain. As the tomb is that of Mei-a, I imagine that this priest of high rank was one of her relatives, and had contributed largely to the furnishing of her tomb.
^leu'nefer, "the beantafnl Men-pyramid," was the name of the pyramid of Pepy I., and also no doubt of that king's adja-'ent Pesidenco. It is the origin of the name of Memphis, that city lieing regularly called ?»Ieirnefer in the inscriptions of tlie X(!\v Kingdom.
ri. XXVIIl. Coffin of Mf.ka.
/;/-/ .• 'Jlay tlie Iciiii;' tyrant o-vaee ami Aiuiliis, lonl of Sejia, lie wlio is in Ut, tlui lord of Ta-Zcser, that she may have a nooil funeral in her toml) of Klienietor, that slie may hav<! olferings in tlie Western Mountain on New Year's ])av, the r>egiiining of tlie Yr:ii-, IT.ii;', 'I'li(i1li, and every ^nod festival of God; tlie Idiin's noMewoniali, tlie ilcscrviiiy liefon; the (ireat (J.i.l, Mera."
Oiilsiilr, hj't : ■'May tlio k'ini:; i^raiit i^race, ami Aniiliis on his Jloinit, in the shrine, he who is in Ut, inril of Ta'Zoser, tliat she may have offerings in her tmiili of KIku-- iietcr ill the AVesteni Mountain, on New Year's day, the Beginning of the Year, TJag, Tliotli, and every good festival of (tod ; the king's noblewoman, priestess of Ifatlmr, tlic deserving hefore the Tlreat (4od [Mera]."
Ovl^i(l<\ riijlit : "May tlie ];ing grant graei^, mid Aiinhis in the shrine, lie who is in Ut, lord of Ta'/eser, tliat she may have a good funeral in hc^r toml) of Kherneter, that she may be (?) followed by her /.viv (the plural here is very enrioiis) upon tlu^ good roads on which the deserving are met, that she may be received liy the Great God, lord of heaven ; the royal noldewoniiin, priestess of Ifathor, Jlera."
In.^iiJc, head cnil. The seven sacred oils in jars, Avitli their names, Sct'lieb, "Festival Scent," fhl-iiu, "ollcring," Scift, Nekhnem, Tuau, Ihih-I- (ish (cedar oil?), TTafet'Tehcnu, "Libyan oil."
Inside, foul viid. Figures of granaries. On the first granary is inscribed, " Set (wheat ?) 100 sacks." On the second, "Southern corn, 120 sacks." On the third, "Northern corn,
THE INSCRIPTIONS.
47
240 sacks." On tlic IVmrtli, ''Jhirm, I'-IO (?) sacks." ( In tlio first lias l)t'i'ii added, " Carol) beans, lUO sacks," and ou the cuni|)artiiR'ut Ijclow it are some indistinct signs.
In these texts there is no direct mention of Osiris, hnt pei-haps he is referred to as " the Great God " : the i'nnerary inscriptions of the Old Kingdom arc usually full of references to Osiris of Abydos.
(53.) i'l. XXIX. COFriN OF NEN-KIIKFriOK.
Outside, left :
"May tlui king grant grace, and Anubis on liis inount, who is in Ut, lord of Ta-Zesor, that lie may have a good funeral in his tomb of Kliei-neter, and tliat there may be offerings for the eonJidential friend of the king, first after the king, sujierintendent of tlie Departniciit of Laml, Neu-klieftek, whose good name is Tliy."
Otilsulc, ri(/]d : "Bhiy the king grant grace, and Osiris, lord of llusiris, in all his places, offerings for him who is deserving before the Great God ; the royal scribe (?) of the jiresence, the superintendent of the records of the iJepartiiient of Land, leader of the ((luntry of tlie
Upper , tree nonie, Nen-kheltek, whose g(ioil
name is Thy."
The nomc referred to is that of Ilcracleopolis Magna, and it is evident tJiat Deshaslieh lay within it, as we should expect.
Outside, fool end : "First after tlie king, staff of tlie IJekhyt, pillar ui' Il,e ka of the mother, Tliy."
TJie priest entitled " pillar of the hi of the mother," or later, "of the hi of his mothei-," is figured in a symbolic hieroglyph at Beni Hasan as supporting, in an upright position, an a])e or monkey-figure called the " Irn of his mother." Pi-csumal)ly it was a sacred female ape (see Belli Ihimii, III., pi. vi., fig. 82, and p. 27).
Outside, liead end :
"The confidential friend, first after tl-.e king, the worthy one, Neirkheftek."
Jnsitle, left. A long list of ofi'erings.
Inside, liend end. The seven sacred oils, and "green cye-jiaint" with black "stibium."
Scholars have been accustomed to treat Nen-khcftek as a mere variant writing of the name Ncn-kheft-kn, but Professor Pctrie has pointed out that the two are used uniformly for distinguishing different i)ersons ; we may there- fore write the I'ormer as Nen-kheftek, "no enemy of thine (existeth)," and treat it as different from Nen-kheft ka, " no enemy of the hi (existeth)."
PL XXXIII.
27. "The possessor of worthiness before the (Jreat God, the njyal acquaintance, the superintendent of ap- portioning (see titles of Aula), tlie ruler of the Southern City of the Goat, Neirkludt ka, and his wife, the royal acquaintance, possessing worthiness before her husl)and, Nefer'seslienis."
The "Southern City of the Goat" is apparently elsewhere unknown : probably it was the name of the town to Avhidi the Dcshasheh tombs be- longed, a town evidently of importance at that early time.
I'S. In addition to his other titles X'en-kheft-ka is here called "priest of the king"; otherwise we have here nothing jiew.
32. Nen-kheft-ka's son Nen-kheft-ok succeeded to some of his father's titles. He is here called " the possessor of Avorthincss before the Great God, the ro\'al ac(|uaintance, the superintendent of apportioning, Neu-khcft-ek." In No. 30 his titles v;ere probably the same; in No. 31 he is only " royal ac(piaintance."
.Noic to ri. XII. Mv. Petrio's ingenious but; rattier surprising restor.ation of female dancers ^va^^llg gazclle-lieaded wands is confirmed by a sign in tlie Pyramid texts, which reprcscnis tliis wan.l in the Imnd of a woman. It occui-s as the determinative of the word ,hi<il, which proljaljly signifies women skilled in tlii.s kind of dance. See Mcrenra, 1. 4G7, and the parallel texts. — F. Li,. G.
49
IN DE
Aah dad, 37.
Addax, 8, 43.
Algerian skulls, 25.
Amulets, 16, 17.
Ancestor worship, ritual, 10.
Au-nefer, 7, 42.
Anta, tomb of, 4.
,, sepulchral cbamhei', 5.
,, skull of, 5. Apa, 7, 42.
Aralis, settled tribes of, I. Archers, Egyptian, G. Ateta, name of Sliedu, 9, 44.
Ba, passage for, into sepulclirc, 9.
Bahsamun, work at, 38-41.
Large for funeral, 11.
Baskets of Vth Dynasty, 33.
Beads, IG, 17, 21.
Bedawi auxiliaries, 6.
Behnesa, work at, 1.
Beni Hasan, war scenes, G.
Birds, trapping of, 7, 9.
Board of Mora, 20.
Boat building, 7, 8.
Boat, meu iu, leading cattle, 9.
Boat, model, 19.
Boat of Anta, 7, 42.
Boats of papyius, 7.
Boats with oars raised, 11.
Bodies buried perfect, 16-19.
,, dissevered, 20-24.
Bones broken, 18. Bow, breaking, in submission, G. Brand, or label, on luill, 8, 43. Bulls, 8, 9, 43.
,, dwarfed, 10. Burials, orientation of, 19. See Bodies, Coffins, Mummies, Suniniar}'.
,, in eraek of rock, 23.
,, Koman, at Bahsamun, 38-40.
Calf's head and haunch offerings, 15, 37. Captives of Sati, 6. Carnelian heads, &c., IG. Carpenters, 10.
Cattle, scenes of, 7, 8, 9, 11, 45. Chikl's body, perfect, 22. Chisels of Vth Dynasty, 8, 33. Clap-net, 9.
Cloth and clothing, 8, IG, 31, 32. Coffin of Nenkhefiek, 15. ,, with amulets, IG. „ tilled, 17. ,, bo.\- framed, 18, 21. ,, solid block, 18. „ of Mera, 20. Combat, scenes of, 6. Contracted burials, 17, 18. Coi)per staples on colli n, IG.
pan, 19. C'oppersmitlis, 8.
Coptic destructions, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11. Crane, carried, 7. Crocodile, 11. Cubit, 37.
Cylinder, glazed pottery, 19. Cypriote pottery, 3G.
Dancers, 8. Demez, 7, 42. Desiiasheh, settling al, 2.
,, desert plateau, 2.
,, cemetery, 2.
,, town at a distance, 2, 3.
Dissevered bodies, partially, 20, 21.
„ entirely, 22-24. Donkeys, 11.
Door, false, for olferings, 3o. Drying of bodies, 15, 18, 20. Dwarf, slinging, 7.
„ with beads, &c., 8.
50
DEHIIASIIEH.
Ei<;liteciith Dynasty burials, 15, 18, 3G, 37, 38.
Erdiinefliotep, 10, 11, 4G.
El- Ri-lia, 2.
Exploration aloni; desert, 1.
Eye aimiiet, IG.
Eyes painted on (■oll'in, 15, 16.
Fiieade of tonil. of Sliodii, 9, 11. Feast, preparation for, 8. Fisli-dryiiigr, 7. Fishers with net, 7.
,, can-ying fisli. 7. Fishing scone, 10, 11. Fort of liic Sati, G, 7. Fro^ amulet, 17. Funeral barge, 11.
Gdlaliiiii'h, an ancient ])attern, 31. Garson, Di'., nicasnrcinenls by, 25. Geere, Ih: H. A'., 3, 3S-il. Gcnett (•at>, 10. Girl earrictl away captive, G. Glazed stone beads, IG, .'il. „ jioltery cjlinder, 19. Goals browsinLT, 9. Gold foil, IG. Graining of wood, 20. Gianaiies figured, 11, 20, 4G. Grenfell, Mr. 1'.. P., 1. Griflith, Mr. F. LI., 12.
Haematite beads, 16. llacs, Mr. Frank, 3. Hand amulets, 16. Harper and singers, 8. Hatchet of Vth Dynasty, 8. Headrests, sculptured, 10.
„ of Xenkhcftek, \').
„ solid block, IG, 17.
,, fluted stem, 18.
„ witli inscription, 20.
„ under tliigli, 21.
„ beyond head, 22.
„ of various types, 31.
„ of XVIIlth Dynasty, 37.
HippopotanuLs, 1 1,
,, head amulet, 17.
Hornet amulet, 17. Horus pendant, IG. Ilotep hici-oglyph, 3o. Hunt, Mr. A. S., 1, 8.
Huntsman and dog, 8. Hyaena led, 7.
Ibex, 8, 43.
Inscriptions, cut on collin, IS.
,, of Anta, 42.
of Shed u, 1. 1.
,, of Mera, IG.
„ of Neidvheftek, 47.
Jar for driidc-oflerings, 5. Jasper, green, 16.
Ka priests, 9. Khaensebek, 9, 45. Khu Tela, 4, 9, 45. K'hyt, 7, 42. Kilted stuff, 16, 32. Kohl-pot of alaliaslci', 15.
Lakes by westein descrl, 1. Leather-working, 8, 10, IG. Leopard's head amulet, 17. Lever-press, 10. Lion amulets, 17. Lute, inlaid, 37.
Mallets of Vth Dynasty, 33. ^ledum, skulls from, 25, 26.
,, bones, 27-29. Memphis, name of, 20, 46. iL'Uti-iSatel, war of, 5. Tilera, collin and Innly, 20.
,, jianel, 20, 40. Mertat.es, 10, 45. ]\[ertefs, 10, 45. Mezau, 46.
Milk, determinative of, 9. Milling a fort, 6.
Minmert, wife of Anta, 7, 8, 43, 4L Mourners, 1 1 . Mummies, Koman, 2. .Mummifying not practised early, 15. Murray, Miss, 4.
Nedaa, town, 5, 42.
Neferhoteps, wife of Nenkheftka (A), 4.
Neferscshems, wife of Nenkheftka (15), 4, 14.
Nena, 10, 11, 4G.
Xenkhcftek, date of, 4.
„ tomb of, 12, 15.
INDEX.
51
Nenklieftek, statue?, Lj-lTi.
,, inscription of, 47.
Xeukheftka, date of, 4.
,, tomb of, 12.
„ statues, 13-1.5, 47.
Net- work stulf, 19, 32. New Race .-knlls, 2.5, 2(i. bones, 27-29.
Oars raised, 1 1.
Olferings, 'J ; on coHins, 15, 20.
Orientation of biiiials, 10.
O.yx, 8, 43.
Oxyrbj'nkbos, work at, 1.
Piii liters, 8.
Palestinian pottery, 30, 37, 38.
Palettes of scribes, 34, 3.5.
Papyrus work, 7, 34, 35.
Pendant beads, 21.
Perfect bodies buried in colfins, IG, 17.
„ ,, witbout coffins, 18, 19.
Phoenician pottery, 1.5. Pillars in tomb of Aiita, 5, 8.
,, of tomb of Sliedn, 9. Plaster Collin beads, site for, 1. Plaster bariler than stone, 11. Plundering of bodies while fresh, 18. Pottery, 5, IC, 18, 19, 22, 23, 35-38. Priestly dress, 7. Pyramid, ligured, 11.
Quarrying, 34.
Rauefer, scribe, 43. Rediuefhotep, lU, 11, 46. Restorations ou the plates, 6, 8. Ritual of aucestor worship, 10. Roman mummies, 2, 38, 39.
„ skulls, 29, 30.
„ tombs and town at Bahsamun, 38-41.
Sacrifice of ox, 8, 9, 11.
„ performed by sons, 9. Sandals, scnl[)tured, 8.
„ made, 8.
,, in colliu, 20. Sandstone shar|ieners, 34. Sati, war of, 6, 6, 7.
Sati women lighting, G.
,, chief of, 6. Sawing, 10.
Scenery of western desert, 1. Scribe, S, 9. Sculptor, 8.
Secondary Iturials, 15, 18, 30, 37. Serdabs, 5, 9, 12. Shedii, date of, 4.
„ tomb of, 9.
,, second name Ateta, 9. Shirts of Vth Dynasty, 31, 32. Siege of fort, 6, 7. Singers, 8.
Skeletons, measurements of, 27-29. Sliulls, measurements of, 25-30. Statues of Nenkheftka and son, 13.
,, breakage of, 13.
,, wooden, 19, 31. String in board-picture, 20. Summary of modes of burial, 24.
Temple of a pyramid, figured, 11.
Tetakhu, son of Shedu, 4, 9, 4-5.
Thompson, Jlr. Herbert, 3.
Throw-stick, 10, 37.
Thy, name of Neiikheftek, 4, 1.5.
Thy of Saqqaia, 4.
Titles of Anta, 42.
,, Shedu, 44. Town of the Sati, 5, G, 7. Trapping of birds, 7.
Umrau Khallil, native antiquary, 2. Urlin, Miss Hilda, 3.
Vases fignred iu tombs, 7, 10. Vineyard scene, 9.
Walker, Dr. J. II., 3.
War of Sati, 5, G, 7.
Warren, Mr., measurements by, 27.
Water-skin, determinative, 10.
Weaving in Vth Dynasty, 32.
Women skeletons compared with men, 28.
„ of Sati, captive, 6.
,, „ fighting BeJawin, 6.
Wooden chisels, 33. Workmen, 8, 10.
i^lST OF PLATES.
Frontispiece. Ncnkheftka (photograph). I. Cemetery of Dcshashcli. Plan. 1 1. Groups of tombs. Tir. Plans of tombs, Anta and Sheda.
IV.
y.
VI.
vir.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
xiir.
XIV.
XV.
XVI.
XVI [.
XVIIl.
XIX.
XX.
TOMU 01' A MA.
N. of E. wall. Battle and siege. X. -wall. Boat building, &c. N. of W. wall. Sliip of Auta. X. of Rcocsrf. Inscription. Back of llecess. Ofl'crings. S. of Recess. Children, &c. S. of W. wall. Anta and wife. S. of W. wall. Animals. S. wall. Dancei-s, harper, &c. S. of E. wall. Workmen. Pillar.
To.Ndi OK SlIKDU.
X. of E. wall. E. of N. wall. W. of X. wall. N. of W. Avail.
Field scenes. Vineyard.
Servants.
Cattle.
XXI. W. of S. wall. Workmen.
XXIT. E. of S. wall. Fishing.
XXI II. S. of E. wall. Harvesting.
XXIV. Faradc. Fishing, Pyramid, &c. XXV. Facade. Boats and cooking.
Pilasters and Peces; S. of Recess.
List of olferinss.
|
XXVI. |
Amulets and Beads. |
|
XXVTT. |
Painted board of ^lera (coloured). |
|
XXV ITI. |
Coffin of ]\Iera. |
|
XXIX. |
Coffin of X^enkheftek. |
|
XXX. |
Ncnkheftka and Nenkheftek |
|
(photograph) |
|
|
XXXI. |
Ncnkheftka and Xefersems |
|
(photograph) |
|
|
XXXI 1. |
Nenkheftkn, at London and Cairo |
|
(photograph) |
|
|
XXXI 11. |
Potter}'. Inscriptions of Ncn- |
|
kheftka. |
|
|
XXXIV. |
Baskets, mallets, chisels, &c. |
|
(photogra\:)h) |
|
|
XXXV. |
Positions of bodies. |
|
XXXVI. |
Skulls (photograph). |
|
XXXVII. |
Dissevered bones (Runtgcn photo |
|
graph). |
1 : 4000
DESHASHEH. CEMETERY.
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DESHASHEH. DETAIL PLANS OF TOMBS.
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DESHASHEH. AMULETS AND BEADS, Vth DYNASTY.
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DESHASHEH. STATUETTES OF NENKHEFTKA AND WIFE.
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DESHASHEH. STATUES OF Vth DYNASTY.
XXXII.
HEAD OF NLNKHEKTKA. 2.
STATUE OF NENKHEFTKA.
7.
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PUBLICATIONS OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND.
• I,— THE .STORE CITY OF PITHOM AND THE KCiL'TE OF THE EXODUS. Memoir for lS8o-Si. J!.v
Edocaki) Xaville. 13 Plates, Map antU'lan. Third and Kevised Edition. 25s. •■ -'.' . -l -S {Otct of Print.)
II.— TANTS. Parti. iMcinoir for lS«4-8.5. By W. M. Flinders Petrie. 16 Plates and 2 Plans. Second Edition. 25^■.
III.— XAUKUATIS. Parti, ilemoir for l88^-8('.. By W. M. Flinders Petrie. With Clmpters hy CECir, Smith,
Ernest A. Gardner, and Barclay V. Head. 41 Plates and 7 Plans. Second Edition. 25s. , IV.— GOSHK.N', AND THE SHRINE OF SAFT EL HEN^'1•:H. Memoir for 1886-87." By EnouARi) Naville.
11 Pliites and Plans. Second Edition. 25s. v.— TAXIS. Part II., including TELL DEFENNEH (tho Biblical " Tahpaidic.'; ") and TELL NEBESIIEH. Jlemoir for ISST-fS. By W. .M. Flinders Petrie, F. Ll. GRitFlTK, and A. S. Muiiray. nl Plates and Plans. 25.-'.
VL— NAUKRATIo. Van II. Memoir for 1888-89. By Ernest A. Gardneh and F. Ll. Griffith. 24 Plale.-i and
Plan". 25s. -
V!I.— THE CITY C ■' ONIAS AND THE MOUND OP THE JEW. The Antiquities of Tell-el-Yahufliyeb. £.i( (I Fob ;ne (i r 1888-89. i;y Edodabp Xaville and F. Ll. Griffith. 26 Plates and Flans. 25s.
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nEI.NKlLd B.7GSCH.
X.— THE FESTIVAL HALL OF OSORXON II. (BUBASTIS). Memoir for 1800-91. By Edouard Naville. Will) B9 Plat"B. 2r,s.
XL-AIINAS EL :\IEDINEH. Memoir for 1891-9". Bv Ep>.-jard Nav;'xe ; and THE 'JoMB OF PAHERI AT EL KAB. By J. J Tttor and F. Ll. Griffit,.. Witli :;7 PI'-tes. 25s. Also separately, THE TOMB OP PAHERI. By J. J. Tvlor. Edition de Luxe, £2 2s.
XU.— DEIR EL BAHART. Memoir for 1892-93. By EooDakd Naville. 15 Plates and Plans. , '25s.
XIII.— DEIR EL E'VHARI. Part J. Memoir for 1893-94. By En. tjald Nath.le. Plates I.-XXIV. (3 coloured),
with descriitiou. Royal folio. 30s.
XIV.— DEIR EL B/ HARI. Part II. Memoir f jr 1894-95. iiy Edouard Naville. Plates XXV.-LIV. (2 coloured)^ with deeorii-tiou. Royal folio. 30s. '^-
XV.— DESHASHEH. Memoir for 1895-G. By W. M. Fmni -rf Petrie. Photogravure and other-Plate.';. 25."!.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE ArlCHAEOLCGIGAL SURVEY OF lGYPT.
Edited by F. I . GRIFFITH. M.A., F.S.A,
I. — BENI H.VSAN. Part ''. Fir 1890-91. L Percy E. Newbekry. With I'lans and Mea.^ri. lenl.s of the
Tombs by G. W. P^Asrn. 4'J Plr.es (4 coloureu). I'rice 25s. <;>■
II. — BENI HASAN. Part II. For 1891-92. Ry Percit 1. Newberry. With Appendix, Plans and Measurement'^
by G. W. Eraser. 38 Plates (3 oolonred). Price 25s,* _< . /.'<
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Price 2us.* ■■ .i^r .
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In Preparation. VI —HIEROGLYPHS FT' )M THE COLLECTIONS OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND. For 1895-96.
Py Pi Ll. Gkifhtii. With Coloured i'lates. Price 25s.*
* Separate F'.hiin.s are ^wppUed to Subscribers at a reduction of 20 per cent.
ANNUAL ARCHA_OLOGICAL REPORTS. Edited by F. Ll. Griffith.
THE SEASON'S WORK AT AHNAS AND BENI HASAN. By Edouard Naville, Percy E. Newberry, and
(i. WiLlonGHBY Fraser. 2.^. <!(/.
For 1892-93, 2.S'. 6t/. For 1893-94, 2s. 0'?. For 1894-95, 3.-.-. Of?. For 189.5-96, .3»\ For 1896-7, 2s. C?.
SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS.
.-VTLAS OF ANCIENT EGYPT. With Letterpress and Index. Second Edition. 3s. C'7.
GUIDE TO TEMPLE OF DEIR EL BAHARI. With Plan. Od.
AOriA IHSOY: Sayings of our Lord, from an Early Greek Papyrus. By B. P. Grenpell and A. S. Hunt. 2h. (with
Collotypes), and G((. net.
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